{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:51:06Z","timestamp":1777956666116,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72371089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72442007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72442007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72371074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Industrial Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1774368042000},"page":"111984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Traditional petrol-fueled and electric mixed logistics vehicle fleet scheduling in urban logistics delivery under demand uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5233-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weilu","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Changmin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liquan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adolf K.Y.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.12.001","article-title":"A production and distribution planning of perishable products with a fixed lifetime under vertical competition in the seller-buyer systems: A real-world application","volume":"58","author":"Aazami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of manufacturing systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0010","unstructured":"Aazami, A., Saidi, M. M., & Seyedhosseini, S. M. (2021). A bi-objective robust optimization model for an integrated production-distribution problem of perishable goods with demand improvement strategies: A case study."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.01.009","article-title":"Battery electric bus infrastructure planning under demand un-certainty","volume":"111","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107899","article-title":"Green vehicle routing problem: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"231","author":"Asghari","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2023.104357","article-title":"Electric bus fleet scheduling under travel time and energy consumption uncertainty","volume":"156","author":"Avishan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102883","article-title":"Optimization of electric vehicle recharge schedule and routing problem with time windows and partial recharge: A comparative study for an urban logistics fleet","volume":"70","author":"Bac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111188","article-title":"Overview of energy harvesting and emission reduction technologies in hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"147","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0040","article-title":"Metaheuristic optimization for scheduling mixed-fleet electric buses in a practical urban network","volume":"111782","author":"Bosi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115285","article-title":"Should we reinforce the grid? cost and emission optimization of electric vehicle charging under different transformer limits","volume":"276","author":"Brinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0050","article-title":"Planning a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles for urban freight with routing and replacement considerations","volume":"73","author":"Celebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123147","article-title":"Coordinated optimization of logistics scheduling and electricity dispatch for electric logistics vehicles considering uncertain electricity prices and renewable generation","volume":"364","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0060","unstructured":"China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (2024). PMI Report on China Manufacturing. Accessed February 14, 2025. http:\/\/en.chinawuliu.com.cn\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0065","unstructured":"China Post (2024). China Post electric logistics vehicle application development report. Accessed February 14, 2025. http:\/\/www.chinapost.com.cn\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2023.104452","article-title":"Adaptive scheduling of mixed bus services with flexible fleet size assignment under demand uncertainty","volume":"158","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102455","article-title":"Applications of smart technologies in logistics and transport: A review","volume":"153","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131400","article-title":"Collaborative vehicle-crew scheduling for multiple routes with a mixed fleet of electric and fuel buses","volume":"298","author":"Cong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.08.015","article-title":"The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows, partial recharges and satellite customers","volume":"130","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Murcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105442","article-title":"Arc routing under uncertainty: Introduction and literature review","volume":"135","author":"De Maio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104699","article-title":"A bidirectional branch-and-price algorithm with Pulse procedure for the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with flexible deliveries","volume":"165","author":"Duman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0100","article-title":"Scheduling electric vehicle regular charging tasks: A review of deterministic models","author":"Dolgui","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102917","article-title":"The mixed fleet vehicle routing problem with partial recharging by multiple chargers: Mathematical model and adaptive large neighborhood search","volume":"167","author":"D\u00f6nmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105211","article-title":"Time-dependent multi-depot green vehicle routing problem with time windows considering temporal-spatial distance","volume":"129","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0115","unstructured":"Gasgoo (2023). New energy logistics vehicle sales analysis report. Accessed February 14, 2025. https:\/\/i.gasgoo.com\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0120","first-page":"88","article-title":"Accelerated cuckoo optimization algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem in competitive conditions","volume":"16","author":"Goli","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103337","article-title":"Cost minimizing decisions on equipment and charging schedule for electric buses in a single depot","volume":"180","author":"Guschinsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3237804","article-title":"Data-driven distributionally robust electric vehicle balancing for autonomous mobility-on-demand systems under demand and supply uncertainties","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103955","article-title":"A robust coordinated charging scheduling approach for hybrid electric bus charging systems","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103732","article-title":"A joint optimisation model for charger locating and electric bus charging scheduling considering opportunity fast charging and uncertainties","volume":"141","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0145","unstructured":"International energy agency (2024). Global energy review. Accessed February 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3143370","article-title":"Hybrid swapped battery charging and logistics dispatch model in continuous time domain","volume":"71","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0155","article-title":"Optimal electric bus scheduling under travel time uncertainty: A robust model and solution method","volume":"2021","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2021.104606","article-title":"A hybrid algorithm for time-dependent vehicle routing problem with soft time windows and stochastic factors","volume":"109","author":"Jie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0165","unstructured":"JD Logistics (2024). JD Logistics Annual Report. Accessed February 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.jdl.com\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103209","article-title":"Evaluation of policy options supporting electric vehicles in city logistics: A case study","volume":"74","author":"Juvvala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.04.153","article-title":"A comparison of methods for the optimal design of distributed Energy Systems under uncertainty","volume":"178","author":"Karmellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0180","unstructured":"Kroll (2024). Automotive industry insights report. Accessed February 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.kroll.com\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj10040090","article-title":"How to Improve the Total cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment","volume":"10","author":"Lebeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Electric Vehicle Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108292","article-title":"The role of governmental policy in game between traditional fuel and new energy vehicles","volume":"169","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.02.005","article-title":"Mixed bus fleet location-routing-scheduling under range uncertainty","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104585","article-title":"Sharing economy to improve routing for urban logistics distribution using electric vehicles","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.130685","article-title":"Electrification and residential well-being in China","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.10.041","article-title":"Robust optimization for relief logistics planning under uncertainties in demand and transportation time","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modelling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103057","article-title":"Optimizing electric bus charging infrastructure considering power matching and seasonality","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.03.095","article-title":"A fractional order model of auxiliary power batteries suitable for hydrogen fuel cell hybrid systems heavy-duty trucks","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105437","article-title":"Optimal fleet deployment for electric vehicle sharing systems with the consideration of demand uncertainty","volume":"135","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102546","article-title":"Combined passenger and parcel transportation using a mixed fleet of electric and gasoline vehicles","volume":"157","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2017.0644","article-title":"Optimizing the profitability and quality of service in carshare systems under demand uncertainty","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.3390\/su17114829","article-title":"Time-dependent vehicle routing optimization incorporating pollution reduction using hybrid gray wolf optimizer and neural networks","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2018.07.012","article-title":"The green mixed fleet vehicle routing problem with partial battery recharging and time windows","volume":"101","author":"Macrina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.08.005","article-title":"Accelerating Benders decomposition approach for robust aggregate production planning of products with a very limited expiration date","volume":"100","author":"Makui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers & industrial engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106392","article-title":"A microgrid energy management system based on chance-constrained stochastic optimization and big data analytics","volume":"143","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.02.021","article-title":"A review of uncertainty characterisation approaches for the optimal design of distributed energy systems","volume":"88","author":"Mavromatidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2024.12.041","article-title":"Exact algorithms for routing electric autonomous mobile robots in intralogistics","volume":"323","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0270","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (2024). Driving behavior and energy consumption analysis based on new energy high-frequency big data. Accessed February 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.mot.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ffutr.2024.1491799","article-title":"Urban freight distribution with electric vehicles: Comparing some solution procedures","volume":"5","author":"Polimeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Future Transportation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.4731","article-title":"Scaling up electric-vehicle battery swapping services in cities: A joint location and repairable-inventory model","volume":"69","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102293","article-title":"A hybrid variable neighborhood search approach for the multi-depot green vehicle routing problem","volume":"149","author":"Sadati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125720","article-title":"Bus scheduling with heterogeneous fleets: Formulation and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms","volume":"263","author":"Sadrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102903","article-title":"Facility location in logistics and transportation: An enduring relationship","volume":"166","author":"Saldanha-da-Gama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0300","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ai-driven energy optimization in sdn-based cloud computing for balancing cost, energy efficiency, and network performance","volume":"13","author":"Sathupadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.04.013","article-title":"E-platooning: Optimizing platoon formation for long-haul transportation with electric commercial vehicles","volume":"304","author":"Scholl","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111816","article-title":"Optimal electric vehicle charging and discharging scheduling using metaheuristic algorithms: V2G approach for cost reduction and grid support","volume":"90","author":"Shaheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.01.057","article-title":"Bus timetabling considering passenger satisfaction: An empirical study in Beijing","volume":"135","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0320","article-title":"A MultiObjective optimization approach for integrated timetabling and vehicle scheduling with uncertainty","volume":"2021","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0325","article-title":"Evaluating parcel delivery strategies in different terrain conditions","volume":"187","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10135","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2022.2143956","article-title":"Optimal charging of electric vehicles for cost minimization in re-configurable active distribution network considering conservation voltage reduction","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120915","article-title":"Metaheuristic for the integrated electric vehicle and crew scheduling problem","volume":"339","author":"Sistig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.35.2.254","article-title":"Algorithms for the vehicle routing and scheduling problems with time window constraints","volume":"35","author":"Solomon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021814225969","article-title":"The sample average approximation method applied to stochastic routing problems: A computational study","volume":"24","author":"Verweij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computational Optimization and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/app15020761","article-title":"Robust optimization for electric vehicle routing problem considering time windows under energy consumption uncertainty","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132773","article-title":"Comprehensive optimization of electrical heavy-duty truck battery swap stations with a SOC-dependent charge scheduling method","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8667","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3197424","article-title":"Heterogeneous fleets for green vehicle routing problem with traffic restrictions","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120845","article-title":"Collaborative optimization of logistics and electricity for the mobile charging service system","volume":"336","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.12.011","article-title":"Partial linear recharging strategy for the electric fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows and recharging stations","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119654","article-title":"Collaborative multidepot electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and shared charging stations","volume":"219","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119886","article-title":"A scenario-based stochastic optimization model for charging scheduling of electric vehicles under uncertainties of vehicle availability and charging demand","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2023.109528","article-title":"Inventory management of battery swapping and charging stations considering uncertainty","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10108","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03483","article-title":"Charging strategies to minimize greenhouse gas emissions of electrified delivery vehicles","volume":"55","author":"Woody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0395","article-title":"Mixed optimization on vehicle scheduling and recharge scheduling of plug-in electric buses with consideration of partial recharge","volume":"148","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2983393","article-title":"Optimization and self-adaptive dispatching strategy for multiple shared battery stations of electric vehicles","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106608","article-title":"Logistic and scheduling optimization of the mobilized and distributed battery in urban energy systems","volume":"187","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.105698","article-title":"A novel multi-objective green vehicle routing and scheduling model with stochastic demand, supply, and variable travel times","volume":"141","author":"Zarouk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2021.1914791","article-title":"Mixed electric bus fleet scheduling problem with partial mixed-route and partial recharging","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0420","article-title":"Integrated optimization of mixed bus fleet replacement and scheduling with emission and budget constraints","volume":"111908","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102548","article-title":"Routing optimization of shared autonomous electric vehicles under uncertain travel time and uncertain service time","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110826","article-title":"Research on location-inventory-routing optimization of emergency logistics based on multiple reliability under uncertainty","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.07.022","article-title":"Dispatchable capacity optimization strategy for battery swapping and charging station aggregators to participate in grid operations","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107444","article-title":"Optimization of single-line bus timetables considering time-dependent travel times: A case study of Beijing, China","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122278","article-title":"A two-level charging scheduling method for public electric vehicle charging stations considering heterogeneous demand and nonlinear charging profile","volume":"355","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.154","article-title":"A roadmap for China to peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve a 20% share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy by 2030","volume":"239","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.140188","article-title":"A MILP model and heuristic method for the time-dependent electric vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time windows","volume":"434","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"}],"container-title":["Computers & Industrial Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226001853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226001853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:27:37Z","timestamp":1777951657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835226001853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0360835226001853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-8352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-8352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Traditional petrol-fueled and electric mixed logistics vehicle fleet scheduling in urban logistics delivery under demand uncertainty","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Industrial Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.111984","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111984"}}