{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T10:00:12Z","timestamp":1777024812491,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515010190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72231001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72231001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72171006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72171006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T09:00:41Z","timestamp":1775898041000},"page":"112024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancing fire evacuation safety in metro stations: multi-agent reinforcement learning-guided dynamic signage coordination"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Botao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuzhi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4701-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuaidong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie-Qiao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xianfei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huaguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chuan-Zhi Thomas","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3141\/2039-05","article-title":"Dynamic cell transmission-based pedestrian model with multidirectional flows and strategic route choices","volume":"2039","author":"Asano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15101715","article-title":"Evacuation route determination in indoor architectural environments based on dynamic fire risk assessment","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0015","unstructured":"Baseel, C. (2025, July 21). Mobile battery fire breaks out on Tokyo\u2019s main commuter line. SoraNews24 -Japan News. https:\/\/soranews24.com\/2025\/07\/21\/mobile-battery-fire-breaks-out-on-tokyos-main-commuter-line\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3141\/1644-04","article-title":"Emergent fundamental pedestrian flows from cellular automata microsimulation","volume":"1644","author":"Blue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlssr.2022.09.006","article-title":"Development of an agent-based indoor evacuation model for local fire risks analysis","volume":"4","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Science and Resilience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105392","article-title":"Multi-dimensional evacuation risk evaluation in standard subway station","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1396265","article-title":"Social force models for pedestrian traffic\u2013state of the art","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.05.004","article-title":"An automated direction setting algorithm for a smart exit sign","volume":"59","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.01.015","article-title":"Waiting time in emergency evacuation of crowded public transport terminals","volume":"46","author":"Chow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.111082","article-title":"An automatic flood escape route identification method for existing underground spaces: From the perspective of multi-objective trade-offs","volume":"204","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109917","article-title":"A building information modeling-based fire emergency evacuation simulation system for large infrastructures","volume":"244","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11120643","article-title":"Building fire evacuation: an IoT-aided perspective in the 5G era","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0065","article-title":"Development of a tenability-based path planning model for building fire evacuations using reinforcement learning","volume":"118","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.113723","article-title":"A deep learning-based approach for unsafe area prediction in building fire evacuation","volume":"112","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0075","unstructured":"Fitkau, I., & Hartmann, T. (2025). Applying multi-agent reinforcement learning for escape path planning in a fire evacuation environment. Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde Institutional Repository (University of Strathclyde). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17868\/strath.00093292."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103353","article-title":"BIM-based automated determination of exit sign direction for intelligent building sign systems","volume":"120","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.108210","article-title":"Adaptive multi-objective optimization for emergency evacuation at metro stations","volume":"219","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105858","article-title":"Simulation-based multi-objective optimization towards proactive evacuation planning at metro stations","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2018.12.026","article-title":"Imitative (herd) behaviour in direction decision-making hinders efficiency of crowd evacuation processes","volume":"114","author":"Haghani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10955-014-1024-9","article-title":"Saving human lives: what complexity science and information systems can contribute","volume":"158","author":"Helbing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Physics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.4282","article-title":"Social force model for pedestrian dynamics","volume":"51","author":"Helbing","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.021","article-title":"Mapping fire risk of passenger-carried fire load in metro system via floor field cellular automaton","volume":"100","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2024.100127","article-title":"Human as AI mentor: Enhanced human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning for safe and efficient autonomous driving","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00015-7","article-title":"A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians","volume":"36","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0125","article-title":"SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering","author":"Hurley","year":"2016","journal-title":"New York, Ny Springer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2025.102009","article-title":"Profit maximization for electric vehicle charging stations using multiagent reinforcement learning","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104695","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of pedestrians in subway evacuation under node failure by multi-hazards","volume":"127","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0140","article-title":"A fire simulation method of urban light rail station hall based on building information model and PyroSim software","volume":"1903","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2021.10.005","article-title":"Social physics","volume":"948","author":"Jusup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physics Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2015.03.012","article-title":"Optimal facility\u2013final exit assignment algorithm for building complex evacuation","volume":"85","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.03.086","article-title":"Enhancing building safety: A brief review of agent-based modeling for fire evacuation simulation","volume":"257","author":"Kasereka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0160","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Kim, D., Park, S., & Moon J. (2025, May 31). Man sets fire on Seoul subway train, injuring 21. The Chosun Daily. https:\/\/www.chosun.com\/english\/national-en\/2025\/05\/31\/2ITSLJL3CBE73NGZ3XOUF4QYFE\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105722","article-title":"Advanced fire emergency management based on potential fire risk assessment with informative digital twins","volume":"167","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.505-506.712","article-title":"Research on simulation of evacuation in the deep buried station of urban rail transit","volume":"505","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0175","article-title":"Dynamic sign guidance optimization for crowd evacuation considering flow equilibrium","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42463","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3059326","article-title":"Human behavior during emergency evacuation: Cell transmission model","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109014","article-title":"Evacuation-path-selection model of real-time fire diffusion in urban underground complexes","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101040","article-title":"Do people follow the crowd in building emergency evacuation? A cross-cultural immersive virtual reality-based study","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210021","article-title":"Multi-level objective control of AVs at a saturated signalized intersection with multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2292526","article-title":"An agent-based microscopic pedestrian flow simulation model for pedestrian traffic problems","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108828","article-title":"Dynamic evacuation path planning for subway station fire based on IACO","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2026.115441","article-title":"An extended cellular automaton model for crowd evacuation under multi-storey building with ControlNet","volume":"120","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111695","article-title":"Human-AI interactive framework for smart evacuation safety analysis in large infrastructures","volume":"266","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-12-2022-1169","article-title":"Design for safety in metro station evacuation: A study of fire emergency evacuation behavior and simulation","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0225","unstructured":"Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China. (2006). Fire safety management of assembly occupancies (XF 654-2006). https:\/\/www.standardsofchina.com\/standard\/GA654-2006."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(01)00005-3","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics modeling of compartment fires","volume":"27","author":"Novozhilov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109839","article-title":"Improving safety management in railway stations through a simulation-based digital twin approach","volume":"187","author":"Padovano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0240","series-title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","article-title":"CFAST: The consolidated model of fire growth and smoke transport, Technical Note (NIST TN)","author":"Peacock","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0245","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monotonic value function factorisation for deep multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume":"21","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0250","unstructured":"Robles, C. (2025, February 26). Subway fire in Upper Manhattan causes heavy smoke, injures 18. BNO News. https:\/\/bnonews.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/subway-fire-in-upper-manhattan-causes-heavy-smoke-injures-18\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7363","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.2967936","article-title":"Deep Q-learning with Q-matrix transfer learning for novel fire evacuation environment","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2022.104636","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning based train door adaptive control in metro tunnel evacuation optimization","volume":"128","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2024.100142","article-title":"Traffic expertise meets residual RL: Knowledge-informed model-based residual reinforcement learning for CAV trajectory control","volume":"4","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0270","first-page":"75","article-title":"A risk-based approach for crowd evacuation performance evaluation under metro fire","volume":"9","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Georisk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.09.063","article-title":"Comparative study of macroscopic pedestrian models","volume":"2","author":"Twarogowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15173008","article-title":"Smoke flow and evacuation safety in the event of fire in an underground rail transit transfer station","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73841","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920913","article-title":"Improved multi-agent reinforcement learning for path planning-based crowd simulation","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20054","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3590086","article-title":"Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for distributed and autonomous platoon coordination via speed-regulation over large-scale transportation networks","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0295","unstructured":"Wong, M. (2022, April 26). Standard metro trains of China - Checkerboard Hill. Checkerboard Hill. https:\/\/www.checkerboardhill.com\/2022\/04\/metro-train-carbody-standards-of-china\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-021-0775-x","article-title":"A real-time forecast of tunnel fire based on numerical database and artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Building Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2025.116246","article-title":"Coordinating dynamic signage for evacuation guidance: A multi-agent reinforcement learning approach integrating mesoscopic crowd modeling and fire propagation","volume":"194","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2022.128032","article-title":"Observation and cellular-automaton based modeling of pedestrian behavior on an escalator","volume":"605","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0315","article-title":"Continuous agent-based modeling of adult-child pairs based on a pseudo-energy: Relevance for public safety and egress efficiency","volume":"177","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549720961433","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the fire emergency evacuation for a metro platform accident","volume":"97","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"SIMULATION"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_bib413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2025.130924","article-title":"A knowledge-data dual-driven framework for intelligent flood evacuation in subway stations","volume":"678","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physica a Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12448","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3292912","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of evacuation route for heterogeneous passengers in the metro station considering node efficiency","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21915","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3190291","article-title":"Passenger evacuation path planning in subway station under multiple fires based on multiobjective robust optimization","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12912","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3393016","article-title":"Passenger emergency evacuation in subway station systems: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, C., Liu, Y., & Sun, C. (2020). Risk assessment of pedestrian evacuation under the influence of fire products. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2020, Article 9540942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9540942.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9540942"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_bib411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108389","article-title":"Evaluating underground space of rail transit hub evacuation under fire scenarios: Virtual reality meets agent-based simulation","volume":"228","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_bib412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2026.3657236","article-title":"What determines a step: observations from pedestrian movement evaluation at intersections with machine learning methods","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2024.102922","article-title":"Coupled simulation-optimization model for pedestrian evacuation guidance planning","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108504","article-title":"Directed rooted forest based direction setting method: A step toward automated dynamic exit signs","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108149","article-title":"The halo effect in airport terminals: How wayfinding experiences influence emergency preparedness through perceived reliability","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.031","article-title":"Simulation-based route planning for pedestrian evacuation in metro stations: A case study","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.007","article-title":"Discovering worst fire scenarios in subway stations: A simulation approach","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12808","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412808","article-title":"Study on fire smoke distribution and safety evacuation of subway station based on BIM","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2022.104673","article-title":"A modified cellular automaton model of pedestrian evacuation in a tunnel fire","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110335","article-title":"Intelligent planning of fire evacuation routes in buildings based on improved adaptive ant colony algorithm","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2025.106950","article-title":"Multi-scale spatial-temporal principles of global evacuation safety based on Pareto frontiers: A demonstration in tunnel","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2025.106837","article-title":"Full-scale experimental study and formular movement modelling for firefighting routes via vertical shafts in natural-ventilated tunnels","volume":"165","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3502420","article-title":"Adversarial reinforcement learning for enhanced decision-making of evacuation guidance robots in intelligent fire scenarios","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105451","article-title":"Fire evacuation supported by centralized and decentralized visual guidance systems","volume":"145","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13020435","article-title":"Research and perspectives on fire-fighting systems in tunnels under strong piston wind action","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.08.001","article-title":"Study of the human evacuation simulation of metro fire safety analysis in China","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002251?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002251?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1777022752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835226002251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S0360835226002251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-8352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-8352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing fire evacuation safety in metro stations: multi-agent reinforcement learning-guided dynamic signage coordination","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Industrial Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112024"}}