{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T14:29:20Z","timestamp":1793802560991,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"IITP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"IITP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:51:49Z","timestamp":1776523909000},"page":"112032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hybrid framework for multi-UExV routing with time windows and capacity constraints"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Ramdhan","family":"Nugraha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriansyah Dwi","family":"Rendragraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.10.026","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem with industry constraints: Trends and insights for future research","volume":"3","author":"Afroditi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.10.026","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem with industry constraints: Trends and insights for future research","volume":"3","author":"Afroditi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b3","article-title":"Planning a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles for urban freight with routing and replacement considerations","volume":"73","author":"Al-dal\u2019ain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103296","article-title":"Truck-based drone delivery system: An economic and environmental assessment","volume":"107","author":"Baldisseri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.12.007","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem with machine learning for energy prediction","volume":"145","author":"Basso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1030.0056","article-title":"Vehicle routing problem with time windows, part I: Route construction and local search algorithms","volume":"39","author":"Br\u00e4ysy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transportation Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b7","series-title":"Research on electric vehicle distribution route planning considering charging strategy and nonlinear energy consumption","author":"Chai","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.06.011","article-title":"Drone routing with energy function: Formulation and exact algorithm","volume":"139","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.117","article-title":"Impact of drone delivery on sustainability and cost: Realizing the UAV potential through vehicle routing optimization","volume":"242","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.12.4.568","article-title":"Scheduling of vehicles from a central depot to a number of delivery points","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"1964","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b11","series-title":"SEC filing for IPO of clean energy fuels corporation","author":"Clean Energy Fuels Corp","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103860","article-title":"Battery swapping and management system design for electric trucks considering battery degradation","volume":"122","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b13","first-page":"0197","article-title":"A survey on the electric vehicle routing problem: Variants and solution approaches","author":"Erdeli\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2011.08.001","article-title":"A green vehicle routing problem","volume":"48","author":"Erdo\u011fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2018.12.013","article-title":"Improved formulations and algorithmic components for the electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear charging functions","volume":"104","author":"Froger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.02.013","article-title":"Wireless charging in California: Range, recharge, and vehicle electrification","volume":"67","author":"Fuller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.01.027","article-title":"A two-phase hybrid metaheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with time windows","volume":"162","author":"Homberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.11.024","article-title":"On the joint design of routing and scheduling for vehicle-assisted multi-UAV inspection","volume":"94","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.01.010","article-title":"Truck-drone hybrid delivery routing: Payload-energy dependency and No-Fly zones","volume":"214","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3069942","article-title":"A bilevel ant colony optimization algorithm for capacitated electric vehicle routing problem","volume":"52","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.03.021","article-title":"The hybrid vehicle-drone routing problem for pick-up and delivery services","volume":"102","author":"Karak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2018.06.019","article-title":"A matheuristic method for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and fast chargers","volume":"100","author":"Keskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.105060","article-title":"A simulation-based heuristic for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and stochastic waiting times at recharging stations","volume":"125","author":"Keskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107598","article-title":"Two echelon vehicle routing problem with drones in last mile delivery","volume":"225","author":"Kitjacharoenchai","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.01.020","article-title":"Multiple traveling salesman problem with drones: Mathematical model and heuristic approach","volume":"129","author":"Kitjacharoenchai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clscn.2022.100041","article-title":"The electric vehicle routing problem with drones: An energy minimization approach for aerial deliveries","volume":"4","author":"Kyriakakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207450","article-title":"The spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of Covid-19 spread in Shenzhen, China\u2014An analysis based on 417 cases","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114864","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3003000","article-title":"The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and multiple recharging options","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b29","series-title":"Intelligent transport systems","first-page":"197","article-title":"Vehicle routing problem for an integrated electric vehicles and drones system","author":"Mara","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b30","article-title":"Vehicle routing problems with drones equipped with multi-package payload compartments","volume":"164","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b31","series-title":"2020 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation","first-page":"1","article-title":"A benchmark test suite for the electric capacitated vehicle routing problem","author":"Mavrovouniotis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.09.004","article-title":"A new model and approach to electric and diesel-powered vehicle routing","volume":"107","author":"Murakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.03.005","article-title":"The flying sidekick traveling salesman problem: Optimization of drone-assisted parcel delivery","volume":"54","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107057","article-title":"Integrated electric ground vehicle and drone with blockchain-driven approach for routing delivery","volume":"180","author":"Nugraha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.105170","article-title":"The traveling salesman problem with release dates and drone resupply","volume":"129","author":"Pina-Pardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2314","article-title":"Carrier-vehicle system for delivery in city environments","volume":"53","author":"Rossello","year":"2020","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.02.018","article-title":"An adaptive large neighborhood search metaheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with drones","volume":"102","author":"Sacramento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1192695","article-title":"Electric vehicle scheduling and optimal charging problem: complexity, exact and heuristic approaches","volume":"55","author":"Sassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.06.016","article-title":"A matheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with drones and its variants","volume":"106","author":"Schermer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2013.0490","article-title":"The electric vehicle-routing problem with time windows and recharging stations","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.09.023","article-title":"Resilient composition of drone services for delivery","volume":"115","author":"Shahzaad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.35.2.254","article-title":"Algorithms for the vehicle routing and scheduling problems with time window constraints","volume":"35","author":"Solomon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2015.0638","article-title":"Optimal recharging policies for electric vehicles","volume":"51","author":"Sweda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.231","article-title":"Planning deliveries with UAV routing under weather forecast and energy consumption constraints","volume":"52","author":"Thibbotuwawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b45","series-title":"Vehicle routing: Problems, methods, and applications","author":"Toth","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.03.005","article-title":"Vehicle routing problem with drones","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117647","article-title":"An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem with multiple drops","volume":"205","author":"Windras Mara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111567","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem: A systematic review and a new comprehensive model with nonlinear energy recharging and consumption","volume":"151","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2014.07.003","article-title":"Battery swap station location-routing problem with capacitated electric vehicles","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105527","article-title":"A column generation tailored to electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear battery depreciation","volume":"137","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.167","article-title":"A novel location-routing problem in electric vehicle transportation with stochastic demands","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2018.07.016","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem with recharging stations for minimizing energy consumption","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002330?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002330?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:56:31Z","timestamp":1793800591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835226002330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0360835226002330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-8352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-8352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hybrid framework for multi-UExV routing with time windows and capacity constraints","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Industrial Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112032"}}