{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T07:05:45Z","timestamp":1779519945297,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Industrial Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:00:07Z","timestamp":1777359607000},"page":"112060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A hierarchical collaboration optimization approach for the mixed-model assembly lines balancing, buffer allocation, and sequencing via knowledge-enhanced deep reinforcement learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5313-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2024.106596","article-title":"Heuristic and metaheuristic procedures for the parallel assembly lines balancing problem with multi-line workstations and buffer sizing","volume":"166","author":"Aguilar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110265","article-title":"Exact and approximation heuristic of mixed model assembly line balancing with parallel lines and task-dependent tooling consideration","volume":"193","author":"Alhomaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2025.101868","article-title":"State-space adaptive exploration for explainable particle swarm optimization","volume":"94","author":"Alimohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.111210","article-title":"New trends in line balancing and model sequencing in assembly, disassembly and machining environments","volume":"207","author":"Batta\u00efa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09890-x","article-title":"Electric charged particles optimization and its application to the optimal design of a circular antenna array","volume":"54","author":"Bouchekara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2007.02.026","article-title":"Assembly line balancing: Which model to use when?","volume":"111","author":"Boysen","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.01.055","article-title":"A branch-and-bound based solution approach for the mixed-model assembly line-balancing problem for minimizing stations and task duplication costs","volume":"174","author":"Bukchin","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106410","article-title":"Metaheuristics for bilevel optimization: A comprehensive review","volume":"161","author":"Camacho-Vallejo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2025.08.051","article-title":"Bilevel optimization with sustainability perspective: A survey on applications","volume":"332","author":"Caselli","year":"2026","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110710","article-title":"Integrated problem of car sequencing and vehicle routing on an automotive mixed-model assembly line","volume":"199","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of buffer design for mixed-model sequential production line based on simulation and reinforcement learning","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6006","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3335210","article-title":"DDQN-based trajectory and resource optimization for UAV-aided MEC secure communications","volume":"73","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"1, SI","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47974\/JIM-1641","article-title":"Flowshop scheduling problem with objective of minimizing TCT","volume":"26","author":"Durgadevi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2025.103425","article-title":"Markov decision process for mixed-model assembly line design under process time uncertainty","volume":"138","author":"Elyasi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b15","article-title":"Robust multi-manned mixed-model assembly line balancing with dynamic task assignment considering product mix uncertainty","author":"Hashemi Petroodi","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106749","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning based AGVs real-time scheduling with mixed rule for flexible shop floor in industry 4.0","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128770","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for integrated virtual and physical car resequencing in automotive assembly shops","volume":"294","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107113","article-title":"An ant colony hybrid simulated annealing algorithm for collaborative optimization of robotic mixed-model parallel two-sided assembly lines balancing","volume":"182","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2024.07.012","article-title":"Review of manufacturing system design in the interplay of industry 4.0 and industry 5.0 (Part I): Design thinking and modeling methods","volume":"76","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.02.006","article-title":"Resilient manufacturing: A review of disruptions, assessment, and pathways","volume":"79","author":"Leng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2022.114823","article-title":"Mixed-model assembly line balancing problem considering learning effect and uncertain demand","volume":"422","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.awe.2025.100039","article-title":"Optimizing post-hurricane recovery of interdependent infrastructure systems via knowledge-enhanced deep reinforcement learning","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advances in Wind Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107257","article-title":"Solving Type-I unpaced synchronous mixed-model two-sided assembly line balancing problem using a genetic algorithm","volume":"184","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.248","article-title":"Integrated optimization of mixed-model assembly line balancing and buffer allocation based on operation time complexity","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110676","article-title":"An investigation of mixed-model assembly line balancing problem with uncertain assembly time in remanufacturing","volume":"198","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2019.104863","article-title":"A simheuristic approach for throughput maximization of asynchronous buffered stochastic mixed-model assembly lines","volume":"115","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2711-0","article-title":"Mixed-model assembly lines balancing with given buffers and product sequence: model, formulation comparisons, and case study","volume":"286","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1598597","article-title":"An iterative decomposition for asynchronous mixed-model assembly lines: combining balancing, sequencing, and buffer allocation","volume":"58","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110780","article-title":"Multitasking evolutionary algorithm based on adaptive seed transfer for combinatorial problem","volume":"147","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1049\/cim2.12061","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based balancing and sequencing approach for mixed model assembly lines","volume":"4","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2023.101255","article-title":"Robust mixed-model assembly line balancing and sequencing problem considering preventive maintenance scenarios with interval processing times","volume":"77","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008","article-title":"The whale optimization algorithm","volume":"95","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Engineering Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","article-title":"Grey wolf optimizer","volume":"69","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Engineering Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, K. M., Elsayed, S. M., Chakrabortty, R. K., & Ryan, M. J. (2020). Improved Multi-operator Differential Evolution Algorithm for Solving Unconstrained Problems. In 2020 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation (pp. 1\u20138).","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC48606.2020.9185577"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.09.009","article-title":"Simultaneously solving the transfer line balancing and buffer allocation problems with a multi-objective approach","volume":"57","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.10.008","article-title":"Balancing mixed-model assembly lines for random sequences","volume":"314","author":"Sikora","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2017.2712906","article-title":"A review on bilevel optimization: From classical to evolutionary approaches and applications","volume":"PP","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.108043","article-title":"Komodo mlipir algorithm","volume":"114","author":"Suyanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109794","article-title":"A simulation-based genetic algorithm approach for the simultaneous consideration of reverse logistics network design and disassembly line balancing with sequencing","volume":"187","author":"Tasoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2012.01.004","article-title":"Event and object oriented simulation to fast evaluate operational objectives of mixed model assembly lines problems","volume":"24","author":"Tiacci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.01.022","article-title":"Simultaneous balancing and buffer allocation decisions for the design of mixed-model assembly lines with parallel workstations and stochastic task times","volume":"162","author":"Tiacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2022.09.435","article-title":"Buffer allocation vs. sequencing optimization: which of the two is most effective to improve the efficiency of assembly lines?","volume":"55","author":"Tiacci","year":"2022","journal-title":"IFAC Papersonline"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110357","article-title":"Combining balancing, sequencing and buffer allocation decisions to improve the efficiency of mixed-model asynchronous assembly lines","volume":"194","author":"Tiacci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b44","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning","volume":"Vol. 30","author":"Van Hasselt","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2025.101911","article-title":"An improved NSGA-II algorithm based on reinforcement learning for aircraft moving assembly line integration optimization problem","volume":"94","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2025.108269","article-title":"A Pareto-based genetic algorithm for online task allocation in mobile crowdsensing","volume":"241","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2024.102701","article-title":"A novel completion status prediction for the aircraft mixed-model assembly lines: A study in dynamic Bayesian networks","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8299","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2024.2338194","article-title":"Combinatorial Benders\u2019 decomposition for the constrained two-dimensional non-guillotine cutting problem with defects","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.110866","article-title":"An exact approach for the two-dimensional strip packing problem with defects","volume":"200","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107616","article-title":"Dynamic takt time decisions for paced assembly lines balancing and sequencing considering highly mixed-model production: An improved artificial bee colony optimization approach","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106739","article-title":"Balancing and sequencing problem of mixed-model U-shaped robotic assembly line: Mathematical model and dragonfly algorithm based approach","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105075","article-title":"Dandelion optimizer: A nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for engineering applications","volume":"114","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.11.047","article-title":"Optimal foraging algorithm for global optimization","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"}],"container-title":["Computers & Industrial Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002615?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360835226002615?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T06:47:03Z","timestamp":1779518823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835226002615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0360835226002615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-8352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-8352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A hierarchical collaboration optimization approach for the mixed-model assembly lines balancing, buffer allocation, and sequencing via knowledge-enhanced deep reinforcement learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Industrial Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2026.112060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112060"}}