{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T22:26:34Z","timestamp":1762381594753,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62572233","62272428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62572233","62272428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T08:00:54Z","timestamp":1758614454000},"page":"111728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Entangled qubit pricing for quantum networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shouxi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haoze","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6255-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0001","series-title":"Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science","first-page":"124","article-title":"Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring","author":"Shor","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11024-y","article-title":"Quantum pixel representations and compression for N-dimensional images","volume":"12","author":"Amankwah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2014.05.025","article-title":"Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing","volume":"560","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661","article-title":"Quantum cryptography based on Bell\u2019s theorem","volume":"67","author":"Ekert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.62.052317","article-title":"Optimal local implementation of nonlocal quantum gates","volume":"62","author":"Eisert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Yimsiriwattana, J. Lomonaco, Generalized GHZ states and distributed quantum computing, (2004) arXiv preprint arXiv:quant-ph\/0402148.","DOI":"10.1090\/conm\/381\/07096"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0007","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","article-title":"Concurrent entanglement routing for quantum networks: model and designs","author":"Shi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0008","first-page":"734","article-title":"Deterministic quantum teleportation with atoms","volume":"429","author":"Riebe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Found. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0009","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM","article-title":"Redundant entanglement provisioning and selection for throughput maximization in quantum networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0010","series-title":"IEEE ICDCS","article-title":"Segmented entanglement establishment for throughput maximization in quantum networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM","article-title":"Multi-entanglement routing design over quantum networks","author":"Zeng","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0012","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM","article-title":"Asynchronous entanglement provisioning and routing for distributed quantum computing","author":"Yang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0013","unstructured":"T.N. Nguyen, K.J. Ambarani, L. Le, I. Djordjevic, Z.-L. Zhang, A multiple-entanglement routing framework for quantum networks, (2022). arXiv preprint arXiv: 2207.11817."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0014","series-title":"IEEE\/ACM IWQoS","article-title":"Online entanglement routing in quantum networks","author":"Yang","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3200115","article-title":"Fidelity-guaranteed entanglement routing in quantum networks","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0016","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM","first-page":"480","article-title":"E2E fidelity aware routing and purification for throughput maximization in quantum networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0017","series-title":"IEEE\/ACM IWQoS","article-title":"Joint swapping and purification optimization for entanglement distribution in quantum networks","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0018","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topology design with resource allocation and entanglement distribution for quantum networks","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3399081","article-title":"Optimal entanglement distribution problem in satellite-based quantum networks","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0020","series-title":"International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC)","first-page":"355","article-title":"Co-design of network topology and qubit allocation for distributed quantum computing","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2024.3410976","article-title":"Personalized pricing through strategic user profiling in social networks","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0022","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2023-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint participation incentive and network pricing design for federated learning","author":"Ding","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.3008141","article-title":"Pricing, bandwidth allocation, and service competition in heterogeneous wireless networks","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1109\/90.811451","article-title":"Optimization flow control. I. basic algorithm and convergence","volume":"7","author":"Low","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies","first-page":"294","article-title":"Revenue-maximizing pricing and capacity expansion in a many-users regime","volume":"1","author":"Basar","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.908163","article-title":"On the feasibility of dynamic congestion-based pricing in differentiated services networks","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0027","series-title":"ACM SIGCOMM","first-page":"159","article-title":"A link layer protocol for quantum networks","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2019"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"Linear algebra: a modern introduction","author":"Poole","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0028"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0029","unstructured":"\u201cIBM\u201d, User\u2019s manual for CPLEX (2022). https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/docs\/en\/icos\/22.1.1?topic=optimizers-users-manual-cplex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of ICNN\u201995-International Conference on Neural Networks","first-page":"1942","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization","volume":"4","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128625006942?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128625006942?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T22:24:29Z","timestamp":1762381469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128625006942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1389128625006942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1389-1286"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Entangled qubit pricing for quantum networks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111728","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111728"}}