{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:40:28Z","timestamp":1774003228185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3209004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62172339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:08:32Z","timestamp":1769155712000},"page":"112050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Joint communication and sensing optimization for LEO-Multi-UAV SAGIN: Task offloading, resource allocation and UAV trajectory"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1196-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengya","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2732-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7268-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiongyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270","article-title":"6G Wireless communication systems: applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions","volume":"1","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3103320","article-title":"6G Internet of things: a comprehensive survey","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0003","first-page":"0199","article-title":"Communications in space-Air-Ground integrated networks: an overview","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Space: Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841996","article-title":"Space-Air-Ground integrated network: a survey","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0005","first-page":"14214","article-title":"Joint resources allocation and 3D trajectory optimization for UAV-Enabled space-Air-Ground integrated networks","volume":"72","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31862","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3421529","article-title":"Joint optimization in blockchain- and MEC-Enabled space-Air-Ground integrated networks","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051211","article-title":"Performance analysis of a UAV-Assisted RF\/FSO relaying systems for internet of vehicles","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3465591","article-title":"Multi-User task offloading in UAV-Assisted LEO satellite edge computing: a game-Theoretic approach","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3353806","article-title":"LEO\/VLEO Satellite communications in 6G and beyond networks\u2013Technologies, applications, and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3432871","article-title":"Enabling intelligent connectivity: a survey of secure ISAC in 6G networks","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3438359","article-title":"On the performance of rate splitting multiple access for ISAC in device-to-Multi-Device IoT communications","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cognit. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12396","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3392330","article-title":"Communication-Sensing region for cell-Free massive MIMO ISAC systems","volume":"23","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3492720","article-title":"Space-Air-Ground integrated wireless networks for 6G: basics, key technologies, and future trends","volume":"42","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365899","article-title":"Joint offloading and resource allocation for hybrid cloud and edge computing in SAGINs: a decision assisted hybrid action space deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3519060","article-title":"Quantum-Assisted online task offloading and resource allocation in MEC-Enabled satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial integrated networks","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3516655","article-title":"Joint UAV deployment and resource allocation in THz-Assisted MEC-Enabled integrated space-Air-Ground networ","volume":"24","author":"Tun","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12364","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3552807","article-title":"Learning-Based NOMA-Enabled queue-Aware task offloading and AAV 3D trajectory planning for SAGIN","volume":"74","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3591766","article-title":"Robust lyapunov optimization for LEO satellite networks routing control","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3028247","article-title":"Satellite communications in the new space era: a survey and future challenges","volume":"23","author":"Kodheli","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6014","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3490668","article-title":"Extended DL coverage in SAGIN: cell association and resource allocation with beam hopping LEO","volume":"12","author":"Paulson","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2019.2909140","article-title":"Green data-Collection from geo-Distributed IoT networks through low-Earth-Orbit satellites","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3309379","article-title":"Task-Aware distributed inter-Layer topology optimization method in resource-Limited LEO-LEO satellite networks","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7459","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3498322","article-title":"Efficient collaborative computing for multilayer LEO satellites with spatiotemporal dynamics: a long-Term continuous timescale optimization","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110797","article-title":"HAC-SAGIN: High-altitude computing enabled space-air-ground integrated networks for 6G","volume":"254","author":"Umar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19094","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3361173","article-title":"Integrated sensing and communications: recent advances and ten open challenges","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0026","article-title":"Joint active\/passive beamforming and power-Splitting optimization for ISAC-Driven IRS\/ICSPT over mobile networks with multi-UAV sensing","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3530083","article-title":"Multiple-Satellite cooperative information communication and location sensing in LEO satellite constellations","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint beamforming and trajectory design for multi-Antenna UAV-Enabled ISAC","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrating atmospheric sensing and communications for resource allocation in NTNs","author":"Leyva-Mayorga","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrated sensing and communications in multi-UAV networks: a dual-Objective optimization perspective","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3059644","article-title":"Survey on aerial radio access networks: toward a comprehensive 6G access infrastructure","volume":"23","author":"Dao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2483485","article-title":"Inner bounds on performance of radar and communications co-Existence","volume":"64","author":"Chiriyath","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3193706","article-title":"Integrated sensing and communication assisted mobile edge computing: an energy-Efficient design via intelligent reflecting surface","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0034","series-title":"GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference","first-page":"4322","article-title":"Device-to-Device communications aided integrated sensing and communication networks: a joint design of bandwidth and power allocations","author":"Dou","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0035","first-page":"238","article-title":"Partitioning procedures for solving mixed-variables programming problems","volume":"2","author":"Benders","year":"1962","journal-title":"Comput. Manag. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00934810","article-title":"Generalized benders decomposition","volume":"10","author":"Geoffrion","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy-Efficient UAV deployment and computation offloading in space-Air-Ground integrated networks","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050_bib0038","series-title":"2025IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"System cost optimization-Based task offloading algorithm in UAV-Assisted LEO satellite networks","author":"Diallo","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626000629?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626000629?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:17:54Z","timestamp":1773994674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128626000629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S1389128626000629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-1286","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Joint communication and sensing optimization for LEO-Multi-UAV SAGIN: Task offloading, resource allocation and UAV trajectory","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112050"}}