{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:14:08Z","timestamp":1778616848206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137329OB-C44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137329OB-C44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GN5-2 HORIZON-INFRA-2024-GEANT-01-SGA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN5-2 HORIZON-INFRA-2024-GEANT-01-SGA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A\/20220551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A\/20220551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/01341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/01341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:49:04Z","timestamp":1772851744000},"page":"112172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Privacy enhanced QKD networks: Zero trust relay architecture based on homomorphic encryption"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9016-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Brazaola-Vicario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2130-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julen","family":"Bernab\u00e9-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasone","family":"Astorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x","article-title":"Communication theory of secrecy systems","volume":"28","author":"Shannon","year":"1949","journal-title":"The Bell System Technical J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0002","series-title":"10th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON)","first-page":"95","article-title":"Security challenges and future research in quantum key distribution networks","volume":"10","author":"Rajpoot","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3397042","article-title":"400-Gbps Coherent transmission of 100-Gbps QKD-Secured data stream over 184-km of standard single mode fiber through three QKD links and two trusted nodes","volume":"42","author":"Pincemin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-2010-0373","article-title":"Security of trusted repeater quantum key distribution networks","volume":"18","author":"Salvail","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.327","article-title":"Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307\u202fkm of optical fibre","volume":"9","author":"Korzh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.1330","article-title":"Limitations on practical quantum cryptography","volume":"85","author":"Brassard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/4\/045009","article-title":"Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0008","series-title":"First International Conference on Quantum, Nano, and Micro Technologies (ICQNM\u201907)","first-page":"13","article-title":"Architecture of the secoqc quantum key distribution network","author":"Dianati","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0009","series-title":"Quantum key distribution networks \u2013 Key management: a survey","author":"Dervisevic","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.5932","article-title":"Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication","volume":"81","author":"Briegel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2364129","article-title":"Long-Distance trust-Free quantum key distribution","volume":"21","author":"Piparo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-022-00613-4","article-title":"Long-range QKD without trusted nodes is not possible with current technology","volume":"8","author":"Huttner","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0013","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Public Key Infrastructure and Its Applications (PKIA)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced QKD protocols and practical challenges","author":"Rajpurohit","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0014","series-title":"2024 16th International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS)","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Twin field QKD with 3-Pulse differential phase encoding","author":"Sharma","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography7040053","article-title":"On the security of quantum key distribution networks","volume":"7","author":"Lella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryptography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0016","unstructured":"ETSI, GS QKD 014: Protocol and data format of REST-based key delivery API, 2019, Accessed on October 22th, 2024, https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/QKD\/001_099\/014\/01.01.01_60\/gs_qkd014v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0017","unstructured":"ETSI, GS QKD 020: Work Programme, 2024, Accessed on October 11th, 2024, https:\/\/portal.etsi.org\/webapp\/WorkProgram\/Report_WorkItem.asp?WKI_ID=63115."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0018","series-title":"International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering","first-page":"259","article-title":"How to overcome the \u2019trusted node Model\u2019 in quantum cryptography","volume":"3","author":"Schartner","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science","first-page":"124","article-title":"Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring","author":"Shor","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","first-page":"212","article-title":"A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search","author":"Grover","year":"1996"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.474487","article-title":"Extending quantum key distribution through proxy re-encryption","volume":"15","author":"Lemons","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0022","series-title":"8th International Conference on Frontiers of Signal Processing (ICFSP)","first-page":"69","article-title":"Hybrid QKD & PQC protocols implemented in the berlin openQKD testbed","author":"Geitz","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0023","series-title":"Relaxing trust assumptions on quantum key distribution networks","author":"Vyas","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3600160.3605050","article-title":"Key management systems for large-Scale quantum key distribution networks","author":"James","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0025","series-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2012","first-page":"868","article-title":"Fully homomorphic encryption without modulus switching from classical gapSVP","author":"Brakerski","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0026","unstructured":"J. Fan, F. Vercauteren, Somewhat Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption, 2012, (Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2012\/144). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2012\/144."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-024-00873-2","article-title":"MadQCI: a heterogeneous and scalable SDN-QKD network deployed in production facilities","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Rose, O. Borchert, S. Mitchell, et al., Zero Trust Architecture, 2020, 10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-207.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-207-draft2"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/info13080358","article-title":"Quantum randomness in cryptography\u2013a survey of cryptosystems, RNG-Based ciphers, and QRNGs","volume":"13","author":"Saini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1568318.1568324","article-title":"On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography","volume":"56","author":"Regev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0031","unstructured":"CRYSTALS, Kyber, 2024, [Online; accessed 19. Dec. 2024], https:\/\/pq-crystals.org\/kyber\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0032","unstructured":"NIST, NIST Releases First 3 Finalized Post-Quantum Encryption Standards, 2024. Accessed on October 21th, 2024, https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2024\/08\/nist-releases-first-3-finalized-post-quantum-encryption-standards."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0000(81)90033-7","article-title":"New hash functions and their use in authentication and set equality","volume":"22","author":"Wegman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0034","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Security framework for quantum key distribution networks","author":"ITU-T","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0035","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Security requirements and measures for QKDNs \u2013 key management (Corrigendum 1)","author":"ITU-T","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0036","series-title":"IEEE Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ISPA","first-page":"57","article-title":"Trusted execution environment: what it is, and what it is not","volume":"1","author":"Sabt","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0037","unstructured":"Microsoft, Azure confidential computing, 2024. Accessed on October 22th, 2024, https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/confidential-computing\/overview."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0038","series-title":"Introduction to the TPM","first-page":"173","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0039","unstructured":"GitHub, openfheorg\/openfhe-python: Official Python wrapper for OpenFHE, 2024. Accessed on October 22th, 2024, https:\/\/github.com\/openfheorg\/openfhe-python."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0040","unstructured":"OpenFHE, OpenFHE.org - Open-Source Fully Homomorphic Encryption Library, 2024. Accessed on October 22th, 2024, https:\/\/www.openfhe.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0041","series-title":"Photon Counting Applications, Quantum Optics, and Quantum Cryptography","first-page":"65830L","article-title":"Coherent one-way quantum key distribution","volume":"6583","author":"Stucki","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0042","unstructured":"NGINX, Module ngx_http_core_module, 2024. Accessed on October 21th, 2024, https:\/\/nginx.org\/en\/docs\/http\/ngx_http_core_module.HTML#client_max_body_size."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0043","unstructured":"Microsoft, IIS Request Limits, 2026. Accessed on October 21th, 2024, https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/iis\/configuration\/system.webServer\/security\/requestFiltering\/requestLimits\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0044","unstructured":"Apache, Apache Tomcat 9 Configuration Reference (9.0.96) - The HTTP Connector, 2024. Accessed on October 21th, 2024, https:\/\/tomcat.apache.org\/tomcat-9.0-doc\/config\/http.HTML#Common_Attributes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0045","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Homomorphic Encryption Security Standard","author":"Albrecht","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0046","first-page":"293","article-title":"One-shot verifiable encryption from lattices","volume":"10210 LNCS","author":"Lyubashevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Comput. Sci. (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0047","first-page":"344","article-title":"Short discrete log proofs for FHE and ring-LWE ciphertexts","volume":"11442 LNCS","author":"del Pino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Comput. Sci. (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0048","first-page":"259","article-title":"Practical exact proofs from lattices: new techniques to exploit fully-Splitting rings","volume":"12492 LNCS","author":"Esgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0049","first-page":"71","article-title":"Lattice-Based zero-Knowledge proofs and applications: shorter, simpler, and more general","volume":"13508 LNCS","author":"Lyubashevsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Comput. Sci. (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0050","unstructured":"E. Commission, The European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) Initiative, 2024, [Online; accessed 19. Dec. 2024], https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/european-quantum-communication-infrastructure-euroqci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172_bib0051","unstructured":"ETSI, GS QKD 004: Application Interface, 2020, Accessed on October 22th, 2024, https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/QKD\/001_099\/004\/02.01.01_60\/gs_qkd004v020101p.pdf."}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626001842?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626001842?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:23:01Z","timestamp":1778613781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128626001842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S1389128626001842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-1286","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Privacy enhanced QKD networks: Zero trust relay architecture based on homomorphic encryption","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112172","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112172"}}