{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:47:17Z","timestamp":1776577637676,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20228FT78M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20228FT78M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-158424OB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-158424OB-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M2Z728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M2Z728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC-2024\/COM-504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC-2024\/COM-504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SI4\/PJI\/2024-00221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SI4\/PJI\/2024-00221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Governo Italiano Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universita e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004593","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:32:27Z","timestamp":1774683147000},"page":"112244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Internet usage and performance in GEO satellite networks: A large-scale study across Europe and Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0525-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Merlach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3421-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Perdices","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4258-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6987-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mellia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2012.022412.110184","article-title":"Characterization of isp traffic: trends, user habits, and access technology impact","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Dorado","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656881","article-title":"Performance within a fiber-to-the-home network","volume":"44","author":"Sargent","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0003","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication on the Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication","first-page":"479","article-title":"Understanding operational 5G: a first measurement study on its coverage, performance and energy consumption","author":"Xu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020","first-page":"894","article-title":"A first look at commercial 5G performance on smartphones","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2967588","article-title":"Five years at the edge: watching internet from the ISP network","volume":"28","author":"Trevisan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","first-page":"398","article-title":"Anycast in context: a tale of two systems","author":"Koch","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"how much, Can edge computing change network latency? in : 2021 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking)(2021) pp. 1\u20139. 10.23919\/IFIPNetworking52078.2021.9472847.","DOI":"10.23919\/IFIPNetworking52078.2021.9472847"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/35.910603","article-title":"Satellite-based internet: a tutorial","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3028247","article-title":"Satellite communications in the new space era: a survey and future challenges","volume":"23","author":"Kodheli","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0010","series-title":"Performance Enhancing Proxies Intended to Mitigate Link-Related Degradations","author":"Border","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2006.880167","article-title":"Performance modelling of TCP enhancements in terrestrial-satellite hybrid networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new survey on improving TCP performances over geostationary satellite link","volume":"2","author":"Pirovano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Netw. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Internet Measurement Conference","article-title":"A first look at starlink performance","author":"Michel","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107289","article-title":"ERRANT: realistic emulation of radio access networks","volume":"176","author":"Trevisan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"137","article-title":"When satellite is all you have: watching the internet from 550\u202fms","author":"Perdices","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2003.1248656","article-title":"Packet-level traffic measurements from the sprint IP backbone","volume":"17","author":"Fraleigh","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0017","series-title":"Proceedings of the Winter International Synposium on Information and Communication Technologies","first-page":"1","article-title":"Longitudinal study of internet traffic in 1998\u20132003","author":"Fomenkov","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement","first-page":"90","article-title":"On dominant characteristics of residential broadband internet traffic","author":"Maier","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"73","article-title":"Need, want, can afford: broadband markets and the behavior of users","author":"Bischof","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0020","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2009","first-page":"711","article-title":"Seven years and one day: sketching the evolution of internet traffic","author":"Borgnat","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1145\/1851275.1851194","article-title":"Internet inter-domain traffic","volume":"40","author":"Labovitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0022","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"The lockdown effect: implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on internet traffic","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107290","article-title":"Campus traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"176","author":"Favale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0024","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"34","article-title":"How the internet reacted to Covid-19: a perspective from Facebook\u2019s edge network","author":"B\u00f6ttger","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web","first-page":"493","article-title":"Traffic characterization and internet usage in rural Africa","author":"Johnson","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0026","series-title":"Innovations in Satellite Communications and Satellite Technology: The Industry Implications of DVB-S2X, High Throughput Satellites, Ultra HD, M2M, and IP","author":"Minoli","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0027","series-title":"Broadband Coverage in Germany; 15th ITG-Symposium","article-title":"Broadband internet access via satellite: state-of-the-art and future directions","author":"Deutschmann","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0028","series-title":"2013 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS)","first-page":"86","article-title":"Evaluation of TCP versions over GEO satellite links","author":"Tropea","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0029","series-title":"2012 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall)","article-title":"TCP performance evaluation over geo and leo satellite links between performance enhancement proxies","author":"Peng","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0030","series-title":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","first-page":"3588","article-title":"A simulation study of network-coding-enhanced PEP for TCP flows in GEO satellite networks","author":"Muhammad","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Iyengar, M. Thomson, QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport, 2021, (RFC 9000). 10.17487\/RFC9000.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0032","series-title":"2019 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"QUIC-proxy based architecture for satellite communication to enhance a 5G scenario","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1301","article-title":"Google QUIC performance over a public SATCOM access","volume":"37","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0034","series-title":"2020 10th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 16th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop (ASMS\/SPSC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"QUIC: opportunities and threats in SATCOM","author":"Kuhn","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0035","series-title":"2019 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Satellite internet performance measurements","author":"Deutschmann","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Internet Measurement Conference","article-title":"A browser-side view of starlink connectivity","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0037","unstructured":"J. Griner, J. Border, M. Kojo, Z.D. Shelby, G. Montenegro, Performance enhancing proxies intended to mitigate link-related degradations, 2001, (RFC 3135). 10.17487\/RFC3135."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600756CM","article-title":"Traffic analysis with off-the-shelf hardware: challenges and lessons learned","volume":"55","author":"Trevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0039","unstructured":"D. Intel, Data plane development kit, 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.03.033","article-title":"Crypto-pan: cryptography-based prefix-preserving anonymization","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0041","unstructured":"L. Schumann, T.V. Doan, T. Shreedhar, R. Mok, V. Bajpai, Impact of evolving protocols and COVID-19 on internet traffic shares, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2201.00142(2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Stork, E. Calandro, A. Gillwald, Internet going mobile: internet access and use in 11 African countries, info (2013).","DOI":"10.1108\/info-05-2013-0026"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01616846.2019.1622980","article-title":"The internet access and use in public libraries in limpopo province, South Africa","volume":"39","author":"Mojapelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Library Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0044","series-title":"Internet Connectivity Seen as Having Positive Impact on Life in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Silver","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0045","unstructured":"D.T.V. Research, Africa SVOD forecasts, 2022, (https:\/\/digitaltvresearch.com\/product\/africa-svod-forecasts\/)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244_bib0046","unstructured":"Conviva, Conviva\u2019s state of streaming, 2021, (https:\/\/pages.conviva.com\/rs\/138-XJA-134\/images\/RPT_Conviva_State_of_Streaming_Q3_2021.pdf)."}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626002562?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626002562?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:20:21Z","timestamp":1776576021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128626002562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1389128626002562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-1286","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Internet usage and performance in GEO satellite networks: A large-scale study across Europe and Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112244","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112244"}}