{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:10:23Z","timestamp":1780416623888,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018806","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022BEC008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BEC008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012554","name":"Hubei Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004499","name":"Hubei University of Automobile Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SYZDK32025B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYZDK32025B10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004499","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004499","name":"Hubei University of Automobile Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D202111802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D202111802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004499","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T07:02:32Z","timestamp":1774767752000},"page":"112264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["LDSG-MLP: Research on a lightweight deep learning DDoS intrusion detection method for SDN"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Yahong","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6553676","article-title":"Are we ready for SDN? implementation challenges for software-defined networks","volume":"51","author":"Sezer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0002","series-title":"2020 18th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA)","first-page":"593","article-title":"SD-WAN-Architecture, functions and benefits","author":"Sege\u010d","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0003","series-title":"2016 25th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing network security through software defined networking (SDN)","author":"Shin","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1134\/S0361768819080048","article-title":"Building the software-defined data center","volume":"45","author":"Shabanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Program. Comput. Softw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2330903","article-title":"A survey on software-defined networking","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999","volume":"103","author":"Kreutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3486034","article-title":"Detecting ddos threats using supervised machine learning for traffic classification in software defined networking","author":"Hirsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0008","series-title":"2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"SDN security: a survey","author":"Scott-Hayward","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(08)70086-2","article-title":"DDoS attack evolution","volume":"2008","author":"Nazario","year":"2008","journal-title":"Network Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3583712","article-title":"HSF: a hybrid SVM-RF machine learning framework for dual-plane DDos detection and mitigation in software-defined networks","author":"Hirsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3021435","article-title":"A new framework for DDoS attack detection and defense in SDN environment","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0012","unstructured":"M.A. Faizal, M.M. Zaki, S. Shahrin, Y. Robiah, S.S. Rahayu, B. Nazrulazhar, Threshold verification technique for network intrusion detection system, (2009) arXiv: 0906.3843."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.05.029","volume":"36","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0014","author":"da Silva Ruffo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app12168162","article-title":"A survey of CNN-based network intrusion detection","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2023.100013","article-title":"Modeling an intrusion detection using recurrent neural networks","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0017","first-page":"402","article-title":"Data breach: analysis, countermeasures and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.32604\/iasc.2023.026769","article-title":"An intrusion detection system for sdn using machine learning","volume":"35","author":"Logeswari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intelligent Autom. Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0019","unstructured":"M.Z. Mahmud, S.R. Alve, S. Islam, M.M. Khan, Sdn intrusion detection using machine learning method, (2024) arXiv: 2411.05888."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7438","article-title":"ML-IDSDN: machine learning based intrusion detection system for software-defined network","volume":"35","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-00750-6","article-title":"Development of hybrid intrusion detection system leveraging ensemble stacked feature selectors and learning classifiers to mitigate the DoS attacks","volume":"18","author":"Mamatha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102861","article-title":"Comparative research on network intrusion detection methods based on machine learning","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102942","article-title":"A GRU deep learning system against attacks in software defined networks","volume":"177","author":"Assis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-023-00771-2","article-title":"Network intrusion detection and mitigation in SDN using deep learning models","volume":"23","author":"Maddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103661","article-title":"DDoS attack detection and mitigation using deep neural network in SDN environment","volume":"138","author":"Hnamte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0026","first-page":"1364","article-title":"An adaptive multistage intrusion detection and prevention system in software defined networking environment","volume":"65","author":"Maheswaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Automat. Mjerenje, Elektroniku, Ra\u010dunarstvo, Komunikacije"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0027","article-title":"DDoS attack detection method based on improved convolutional long short-term memory and three-way decision in SDN","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.09.012","volume":"195","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0029","author":"Hernandez-Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0030","volume":"92","author":"Naresh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0031","article-title":"Federated learning based DDoS attacks detection in large scale software-defined network","author":"Fotse","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaf049","article-title":"A DDoS attack detection method combining federated learning and hybrid deep learning in software-defined networking","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3395997","article-title":"Federated learning for privacy preserving intrusion detection in software defined networks","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0034","series-title":"Information Systems Security and Privacy: 4th International Conference, ICISSP 2018, Funchal-Madeira, Portugal, January 22\u201324, 2018, Revised Selected Papers 4","first-page":"172","article-title":"A detailed analysis of the cicids2017 data set","author":"Sharafaldin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0035","series-title":"International Conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations","first-page":"389","article-title":"A review of DDoS evaluation dataset: CICDDos2019 dataset","author":"Saheb","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165263","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022633","article-title":"InSDN: a novel SDN intrusion dataset","volume":"8","author":"Elsayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0038","series-title":"Interpreting financial time series with SHAP values","first-page":"166","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060916","article-title":"CNN-Based network intrusion detection against denial-of-service attacks","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0040","first-page":"14","article-title":"An investigation into the application of deep learning in the detection and mitigation of DDOS attack on SDN controllers","volume":"9","author":"Gadze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04477-5","volume":"27","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cluster Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312425","volume":"20","author":"Mehmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0043","series-title":"2024 4th Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON)","first-page":"1","author":"Mehta","year":"2024"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12204364","article-title":"Consideration of fedprox in privacy protection","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0045","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"5132","article-title":"Scaffold: stochastic controlled averaging for federated learning","author":"Karimireddy","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0046","series-title":"2022 IEEE 28Th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","first-page":"786","author":"Jin","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264_bib0047","first-page":"7611","article-title":"Tackling the objective inconsistency problem in heterogeneous federated optimization","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626002768?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626002768?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:49:46Z","timestamp":1780415386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128626002768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1389128626002768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-1286","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"LDSG-MLP: Research on a lightweight deep learning DDoS intrusion detection method for SDN","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112264","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112264"}}