{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:11:13Z","timestamp":1779120673213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"State Agency of Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1778859216000},"page":"112383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Emulating large LEO satellite networks with eBPF"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"285","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pedro","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Gea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josemaria","family":"Malgosa-Sanahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Manzanares-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3296160","article-title":"Low earth orbit satellite security and reliability: Issues, solutions, and the road ahead","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. & Tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800299","article-title":"Broadband LEO satellite communications: Architectures and key technologies","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b3","article-title":"A survey on space-air-ground-sea integrated network security in 6G","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. & Tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3228611","article-title":"Future space networks: Toward the next giant leap for Humankind","volume":"71","author":"Abdelsadek","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Izhikevich, et al., Democratizing LEO Satellite Network Measurement, in: Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, POMACS, 2024.","DOI":"10.1145\/3652963.3655052"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Liu, et al., Vivisecting Starlink Throughput, in: ACM CoNEXT Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT), 2025.","DOI":"10.1145\/3768971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3539836","article-title":"Measuring mobile starlink performance: A comprehensive look","author":"Laniewski","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b8","series-title":"Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"214","article-title":"Exploring the \u201dinternet from space\u201d with hypatia","author":"Kassing","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b9","series-title":"28th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP)","article-title":"StarPerf: Characterizing network performance for emerging mega-constellations","author":"Lai","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11527","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3146770","article-title":"Ns-3-leo: Evaluation tool for satellite swarm communication protocols","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Pfandzelter, D. Bermbach, Celestial: Virtual Software System Testbeds for the LEO Edge, in: 23rd ACM\/IFIP International Middleware Conference, 2022.","DOI":"10.1145\/3528535.3531517"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b12","unstructured":"Z. Lai, et al., StarryNet: Empowering Researchers to Evaluate Futuristic Integrated Space and Terrestrial Networks, in: 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI), 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b13","series-title":"xeoverse: A real-time simulation platform for large LEO satellite mega-constellations","author":"Kassem","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b14","unstructured":"L. Wenhao, et al., OpenSN: An Open Source Library for Emulating LEO Satellite Networks, in: 8th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2021.3074988","article-title":"MockFog 2.0: Automated execution of fog application experiments in the cloud","volume":"11","author":"Hasenburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b16","article-title":"A flexible testbed architecture for VANET","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Becker, T. Pfandzelter, N. Japke\u2020, D. Bermbach, O. Kao, Network Emulation in Large-Scale Virtual Edge Testbeds: A Note of Caution and the Way Forward, in: 2nd International Workshop on Testing Distributed Internet of Things Systems (TDIS 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E55432.2022.00007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b18","unstructured":"X. Cao, X. Zhang, LeoEM: a Real-Time LEO Satellite Network Emulator, https:\/\/github.com\/XuyangCaoUCSD\/LeoEM."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Kempton, A. Riedl, Network Simulator for Large Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks, in: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500439"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b20","unstructured":"A. Agache, et al., Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications, in: 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201920), 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b21","unstructured":"MININET, An Instant Virtual Network on your Laptop (or other PC). http:\/\/mininet.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Ohs, et al., PhantomLink: Emulating Virtual End-to-End Links on Ground and in Orbit, in: 2025 Applied Networking Research Workshop, 2025.","DOI":"10.1145\/3744200.3744758"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2025.3575920","article-title":"OpenSN: An open source library for emulating LEO satellite networks","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b24","unstructured":"S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-Level Packet Capture, in: Conference Proceedings on USENIX Winter 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b25","unstructured":"D. Calavera, L. Fontana, Linux Observability with BPF, Advanced Programming for Performance Analysis and Networking, O\u2019Reilly Media Inc., ISBN-978-1-492-05020-9."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b26","unstructured":"L. Rice, Learning eBPF Programming the Linux Kernel for Enhanced Observability, Networking, and Security, O\u2019Reilly Media Inc., ISBN-978-1-098-13887-5."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b27","unstructured":"B. Gregg, BPF Performance Tools Linux System and Application Observability, Addison-Wesley, ISBN-978-0-13-655482-0."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b28","first-page":"647","article-title":"Simplified general perturbations models","volume":"10","author":"Cranford","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Guid.Control. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Kumar, S. Jain, U. Naik, A. Raghuraman, N. Kasinadhuni, E.C. Zermeno, C.S. Gunn, J. Ai, B. Carlin, M. Amarandei-Stavila, M. Robin, A. Siganporia, S. Stuart, A. Vahdat, Bwe: Flexible, hierarchical bandwidth allocation for wan distributed computing, in: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM\u201915, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787478"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Saeed, N. Dukkipati, V. Valancius, V. The Lam, C. Contavalli, A. Vahdat, Carousel: Scalable traffic shaping at end hosts, in: Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM\u201917, 2017.","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098852"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383_b31","unstructured":"D.P. Patterson, Teledesic: a global broadband network, in: 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 1998."}],"container-title":["Computer Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626003956?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389128626003956?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:39:48Z","timestamp":1779118788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389128626003956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S1389128626003956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-1286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-1286","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emulating large LEO satellite networks with eBPF","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112383","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112383"}}