{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:03:10Z","timestamp":1779886990690,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spain Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCIN \/ AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN \/ AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:08:33Z","timestamp":1771855713000},"page":"111587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Air-assisted sprayer airflow interaction with traditional olive orchard canopies and its effect on spray distribution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Vigo-Morancho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Videgain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Serreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.09.026","article-title":"Comparative study of CFD models of the air flow produced by an air-assisted sprayer adapted to the crop geometry","volume":"149","author":"Badules","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the FIG Working Week","article-title":"A new approach to the Terrestrial Laser Scanner workflow: the RTC360 solution","author":"Biasion","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0015","article-title":"Validation of a remote sensor-based spraying strategy in hedge and goblet vineyards","volume":"101322","author":"Biscamps","year":"2025","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(02)00192-8","article-title":"Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan orchard sprayer: 3. Effects of air volumetric flow rate","volume":"22","author":"Cross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0025","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Spray deposition and loss during different application scenarios performed by orchard sprayer with individually adjusted air-jets. 16th Suprofruit workshop \u2013","volume":"19\u201321","author":"Doruchowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Montpellier Sept."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2009.11512605","article-title":"Environmentally-dependent application system (EDAS) for safer spray application in fruit growing","volume":"84","author":"Doruchowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hortic Sci. Biotech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.11.005","article-title":"A new integrated CFD modelling approach towards air-assisted orchard spraying. Part I. Model development and effect of wind speed and direction on sprayer airflow","volume":"71","author":"Endalew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15010095","article-title":"Design and Experiment of Orchard Air-Assisted Sprayer with Airflow Graded Control","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.28744","article-title":"Air jet velocities from a cross-flow fan sprayer","volume":"35","author":"Fox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transactions of the ASAE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.24375","article-title":"A history of air-blast sprayer development and future prospects","volume":"51","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070715","article-title":"Sustainable use of Pesticide applications in Citrus: a support Tool for volume Rate Adjustment","volume":"14","author":"Garcera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12061462","article-title":"Effect of the Airblast Settings on the Vertical Spray Profile: Implementation on an On-Line Decision Aid for Citrus Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Garcera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.27461","article-title":"Field evaluation of an air-assisted sprayer equipped with two reversed rotation fans","volume":"25","author":"Garcia-Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7598","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607598","article-title":"Analysis of the air flow generated by an air-assisted sprayer equipped with two axial fans using a 3D sonic anemometer","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081764","article-title":"Assessment of spray deposit and loss in traditional and intensive olive orchards with conventional and crop-adapted sprayers","volume":"12","author":"Godoy-Nieto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0080","unstructured":"Grella, M., Gioelli, F., Marucco, P., Mozzanini, E., Caffini, A., Nuyttens, D., Zwertvaegher, I., Fountas, S., Athanasakos, L. and Mylonas, N. (2022a). Exploring variable air flow rate as a function of leaf area index for optimal spray deposition in trellised vineyards. Aspects of Applied Biology: International Advances in Pesticide Application, 251-260."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grella, M., Marucco, P., Gioelli, F., Balsari, P., Athanasakos, L., Mylonas, N., Fountas, S., Zwertvaegher, I., Nuyttens, D. and Caffini, A. (2022b). Airblast sprayer electrification for real-time, continuous fan-airflow adjustment according to canopy density during pesticide application in 3D crops. In VDI-Berichte: LAND.TECHNIK 2022 - The Forum for Agricultural Engineering Innovations (Vol. 2395, pp. 389-395). VDI Wissenforum.","DOI":"10.51202\/9783181023952-389"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12081241","article-title":"Innovative leaf area detection models for orchard tree thick canopy based on LiDAR point cloud data","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.004","article-title":"Variable air assistance system for orchard sprayers; concept, design and preliminary testing","volume":"163","author":"Ho\u0142ownicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.07.011","article-title":"CFD simulation of airflow inside tree canopies discharged from air-assisted sprayers","volume":"149","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0105","unstructured":"ISO, 1997. Equipment for Crop Protection - Spraying Equipment - Part 2: Test Methods for Hydraulic Sprayers. ISO 5682-2:1997. International Organization for Standardization Publications, Geneva."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.13031\/ja.15853","article-title":"Development of an Electric Variable Air Assist System for Apple Orchard Sprayers","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the ASABE"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111202","article-title":"Estimating leaf area density of individual trees using the point cloud segmentation of terrestrial LiDAR data and a voxel-based model","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3390\/s110202177","article-title":"Ultrasonic and LIDAR sensors for electronic canopy characterization in vineyards: advances to improve pesticide application methods","volume":"11","author":"Llorens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0125","unstructured":"MAPA, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Meido Ambiente, 2024a. Encuesta sobre Superficies y Rendimientos (ESYRCE). An\u00e1lisis de las plantaciones de olivar en Espa\u00f1a. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/dam\/mapa\/contenido\/estadisticas\/temas\/estadisticas-agrarias\/2.agricultura\/1.-encuesta-sobre-superficies-y-rendimientos-de-cultivos--esyrce\/informes-sectoriales\/olivar2024.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0130","unstructured":"MAPA, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Meido Ambiente, 2024b. Inscripci\u00f3n de maquinaria agr\u00edcola 2024. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/dam\/mapa\/contenido\/agricultura\/temas\/medios-de-produccion\/maquinaria-agricola\/estadisticas\/informe2024.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203671","article-title":"Towards an optimized method of olive tree crown volume measurement","volume":"15","author":"Miranda-Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.013","article-title":"Assessing the optimal liquid volume to be sprayed on isolated olive trees according to their canopy volumes","volume":"568","author":"Miranda-Fuentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134924","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of a blast sprayer controlled by pulse-width-modulated nozzles","volume":"22","author":"Ort\u00ed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051145","article-title":"Comparison of aerial and ground 3D point clouds for canopy size assessment in precision viticulture","volume":"14","author":"Pagliai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. (Basel)"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5894","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225894","article-title":"Vine canopy reconstruction and assessment with terrestrial lidar and aerial imaging","volume":"14","author":"Petrovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.34968","article-title":"Air velocities delivered by orchard air sprayers","volume":"22","author":"Reichard","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transactions of the ASAE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.13031\/ja.15750","article-title":"Open-Format prescription maps for variable rate spraying in orchard farming","volume":"67","author":"Rovira-M\u00e1s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the ASABE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-024-10201-5","article-title":"Field validation of a variable rate application sprayer equipped with ultrasonic sensors in apple tree plantations","volume":"26","author":"Salas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107381","article-title":"Use of ultrasound anemometers to study the influence of air currents generated by a sprayer with an electronic control airflow system on foliar coverage. effect of droplet size","volume":"202","author":"Salas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106428","article-title":"Blade pitch and air-outlet width effects on the airflow generated by an airblast sprayer with wireless remote-controlled axial fan","volume":"190","author":"Salcedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.06.006","article-title":"Dynamic evaluation of airflow stream generated by a reverse system of an axial fan sprayer using 3D-ultrasonic anemometers. effect of canopy structure","volume":"163","author":"Salcedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105794","article-title":"Foliar deposition and coverage on young apple trees with PWM-controlled spray systems","volume":"178","author":"Salcedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0195","unstructured":"Sozzi, A., 2011. Estudio del efecto de diferentes caudales de aire sobre la distribuci\u00f3n, recubrimiento y cantidad de producto depositado con pulverizador hidroneum\u00e1tico en c\u00edtricos (Doctoral dissertation, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0200","series-title":"Converging air jets in orchard spraying","first-page":"279","author":"Svensson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrent, X., Llorens, J., Arn\u00f3, J., Mart\u00ednez-Casasnovas, J., Plata, J., Sandon\u00eds-Pozo, L., Hajjaj, O. and Escol\u00e0, A. (2025). Evaluating NDVI as a proxy for LiDAR-based canopy characterisation in large almond orchards. In Precision agriculture'25 (pp. 737-744): Wageningen Academic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/9789004725232_097.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004725232_097"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.108535","article-title":"Static and dynamic study of the airflow behavior generated by two air assisted sprayers commonly used in 3D crops","volume":"216","author":"Vigo-Morancho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12123072","article-title":"Study of the distribution characteristics of the airflow field in tree canopies based on the CFD model","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.08.015","article-title":"Comparison of conventional measurement and LiDAR-based measurement for crown structures","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2024.05.013","article-title":"Enhancing spray deposition in grape canopies through the development of new prototype air-disturbance sprayers","volume":"244","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.106794","article-title":"CFD analysis and RSM-based design optimization of axial air-assisted sprayer deflectors for orchards","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1811917","article-title":"Research on volume prediction of single tree canopy based on three-dimensional (3D) LiDAR and clustering segmentation","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926001821?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926001821?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:04:07Z","timestamp":1778673847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926001821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0168169926001821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Air-assisted sprayer airflow interaction with traditional olive orchard canopies and its effect on spray distribution","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111587","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111587"}}