{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:30:46Z","timestamp":1775485846040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,27]],"date-time":"2027-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803686400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":302,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-67022-42001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-67022-42001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ND01487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND01487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:17:53Z","timestamp":1772201873000},"page":"111605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Design and evaluation of a vision-guided robotic platform with root-zone drilling for targeted weed removal"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Samriddha","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Evans K.","family":"Wiafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Howatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0005","series-title":"April 2)","author":"Adams","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in agriculture: Advancing crop productivity and sustainability","volume":"20","author":"Aijaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0015","series-title":"Delta robot kinematics tutorial","author":"Andrews","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-10-2023-0245","article-title":"Robots addressing agricultural labour shortages and environmental issues","volume":"51","author":"Bogue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Industrial Robot: The Int. J. Robotics Res. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2021.105642","article-title":"An integrated inter- and intra-row weeding system for row crops","volume":"145","author":"Chandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11111049","article-title":"Mechanical control with a deep learning method for precise weeding on a farm","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0035","article-title":"The role of modern agricultural technologies in improving agricultural productivity and land use efficiency","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2023.111934","article-title":"Herbicide resistance evolution, fitness cost, and the fear of the superweeds","volume":"339","author":"Damalas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0045","article-title":"A vision-guided robotic system with coordinated 2D motion for intelligent target spraying in controlled agricultural environments","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1734507","article-title":"Technology-driven approaches to intelligent mechanical weed control: A systematic review for sustainable weed management","volume":"16","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0055","series-title":"Weed management strategies employing artificial intelligence and robotics","first-page":"154","author":"Das","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0060","article-title":"Empirical design and validation of deltoid: A desktop delta-style parallel robot","author":"Gafford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard University."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21897","article-title":"Automated crop plant detection based on the fusion of color and depth images for robotic weed control","volume":"37","author":"Gai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Field Rob."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/wre.12526","article-title":"Advances in site-specific weed management in agriculture\u2014A review","volume":"62","author":"Gerhards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.08.008","article-title":"Development of a mechatronic intra-row weeding system with rotational hoeing tools: Theoretical approach and simulation","volume":"98","author":"Gobor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3696","article-title":"Global perspective of herbicide-resistant weeds","volume":"70","author":"Heap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0085","article-title":"The international herbicide- resistant weed database [WWW Document]","author":"Heap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Status Int. Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76311-2","article-title":"Design and performance evaluation of a spiral bar precision weeding mechanism for corn fields","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0095","series-title":"Mechanical Weed Control. In Non-Chemical Weed Control","first-page":"133","author":"Hussain","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2022.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the potential applications of artificial intelligence in agriculture sector","volume":"2","author":"Javaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Agrochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13122915","article-title":"A SPH-YOLOv5x-based automatic system for intra-row weed control in lettuce","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0110","unstructured":"Jocher, G., Qiu, J., & Chaurasia, A. (2023). Ultralytics YOLO (Version 8.0.0) [Computer software]. https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/ultralytics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agrobot for inter-row and intra-row weeding","volume":"2024","author":"Jog","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Conference Emerging Smart Comp. Informatics (ESCI)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0120","first-page":"103","article-title":"Effect of link length ratio on the workspace of a delta robot","volume":"5","author":"Jogal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. (IJEAT)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105638","article-title":"Sensor-based mechanical weed control: Present state and prospects","volume":"176","author":"Machleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11081517","article-title":"Sensor-based intrarow mechanical weed control in sugar beets with motorized finger weeders","volume":"11","author":"Machleb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0135","series-title":"Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control","first-page":"107","article-title":"Chapter 9 - Biological control of weeds by allelopathic compounds from different plants: A BioHerbicide approach","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2015.02.017","article-title":"Intelligent versus non-intelligent mechanical intra-row weed control in transplanted onion and cabbage","volume":"72","author":"Melander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0145","article-title":"Novel approaches and practices to sustainable agriculture","volume":"10","author":"Muhie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0150","first-page":"21","article-title":"Artificial intelligence robotics in agriculture: see & spray","volume":"1","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Pervasive Soft Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0155","unstructured":"Odd.Bot. (2024). Maverick Weeding Robot\u2014Odd.Bot. https:\/\/www.odd.bot\/maverick."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2019.110255","article-title":"Herbicide resistant weeds: A call to integrate conventional agricultural practices, molecular biology knowledge and new technologies","volume":"290","author":"Perotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.01.019","article-title":"Intelligent intra-row robotic weeding system combining deep learning technology with a targeted weeding mode","volume":"216","author":"Quan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107698","article-title":"Applications of deep learning in precision weed management: A review","volume":"206","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0175","series-title":"Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation","first-page":"427","article-title":"Herbicides and pesticides as potential pollutants: A global problem","author":"Rashid","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2024.09.001","article-title":"Global sustainable agriculture and land management systems","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0185","unstructured":"Schmitz, A., & Moss, C. B. (2015). Mechanized agriculture: Machine adoption, farm size, and labor displacement. https:\/\/mospace.umsystem.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/10355\/48143."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay, A., G c, S., Das, S., Mettler, J., Howatt, K., & Sun, X. (2025). Multiclass weed and crop detection using optimized YOLO models on edge devices. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 22, 102144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.102144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.102144"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0195","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a machine vision and deep learning-based smart sprayer system for site-specific weed management in row crops: An edge computing approach","volume":"18","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109363","article-title":"Advances in ground robotic technologies for site-specific weed management in precision agriculture: A review","volume":"225","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.2008.00629.x","article-title":"Innovation in mechanical weed control in crop rows","volume":"48","author":"Van Der Weide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.108270","article-title":"A mixed-autonomous robotic platform for intra-row and inter-row weed removal for precision agriculture","volume":"214","author":"Visentin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0215","first-page":"622","article-title":"Technical study on the efficiency and models of weed control methods using unmanned ground vehicles: A review","volume":"15","author":"Wiafe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0220","article-title":"Early weed identification based on deep learning: A review","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14122838","article-title":"Automatic lettuce weed detection and classification based on optimized convolutional neural networks for robotic weed control","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926002000?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926002000?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:40:17Z","timestamp":1775482817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926002000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0168169926002000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Design and evaluation of a vision-guided robotic platform with root-zone drilling for targeted weed removal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111605","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111605"}}