{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:23:22Z","timestamp":1783117402309,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024QN03058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QN03058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T10:13:55Z","timestamp":1779790435000},"page":"111943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment of thermal performance of conductive heating beds for cold stress dairy cows in severe cold regions using computational fluid dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"250","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hualong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengji","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiezhu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0005","series-title":"Computational modeling to reduce impact of heat stress in lactating cows","author":"Aguilar","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to computational fluid dynamics","volume":"1","author":"Ashgriz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fluid Flow Handbook"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0015","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effect of cold stress on the physiological functions and productive performance of dairy cattle","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123243","article-title":"Heat transfer efficiency as the determinant of the water mattress design: a sustainable cooling solution for the dairy sector","volume":"245","author":"B\u0142otny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107198","article-title":"Computational evaluation of air jet cooling from a perforated air ducting system to mitigate heat stress of cows in free stalls","volume":"199","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107890","article-title":"Effects of discharge angle of jet from a slot orifice on cooling performance for a perforated air ducting system in dairy cattle barn","volume":"210","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.135001","article-title":"Enhancement of frost-melting performance for compound parabolic concentrator during its operation at sunrise hour","volume":"319","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.05.015","article-title":"The behaviour of housed dairy cattle with and without pasture access: a review","volume":"192","author":"Charlton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.108840","article-title":"CFD investigation on a novel pen partition-attached jet air supply for mitigating heat stress among lactating sows","volume":"220","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2025.07.003","article-title":"Intensified extreme cold surges in northern East Asia and the associated changes in atmospheric circulation under climate change","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127444","article-title":"Passive envelope solutions to aid design of sustainable livestock buildings in Mediterranean climate","volume":"311","author":"De Masi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0060","first-page":"197","article-title":"Local cooling performance and application effect of cow bed with cooling water pipe","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (transactions of the CSAE)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21828","article-title":"Research and application of a new multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for cold stress in dairy cows","volume":"105","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106206","article-title":"Full-scale CFD simulation of commercial pig building and comparison with porous media approximation of animal occupied zone","volume":"186","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(00)00048-6","article-title":"A model of evaporative cooling of wet skin surface and fur layer","volume":"26","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(03)00007-X","article-title":"Characterization of flow field in a ventilated space and simulation of heat exchange between cows and their environment","volume":"28","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.01.004","article-title":"Modeling conductive cooling for thermally stressed dairy cows","volume":"56","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2021.12.015","article-title":"Investigating the feasibility of using computational fluid dynamics based response surface methodology and neural network to model the performance of the individualised ventilation in sow houses","volume":"214","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104372","article-title":"A review of ventilation and cooling systems for large-scale pig farms","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2021.01.022","article-title":"Modelling of animal occupied zones in CFD","volume":"204","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0115","article-title":"Energy-saving cooling strategies in tunnel-ventilated dairy buildings: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and validation","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.07.009","article-title":"A review of measuring, assessing and mitigating heat stress in dairy cattle","volume":"199","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.024","article-title":"Development of a VR simulator for educating CFD-computed internal environment of piglet house","volume":"188","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lendelova, J., Mihina, S., \u017ditn\u00e1k, M., Nemethova, M., Botto, L. (2019). Thermo-technical parameters of the different bedding surfaces in cubicles for dairy cows as a factor of their well-being in winter and summer. In2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting(p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.","DOI":"10.13031\/aim.201900268"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0140","first-page":"214","article-title":"Study on heating simulation of cowshed in winter in Inner Mongolia","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.08.013","article-title":"Numerical study on the convective heat transfer of fattening pig in groups in a mechanical ventilated pig house","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2021.06.009","article-title":"A mechanistic thermal balance model of dairy cattle","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.115166","article-title":"Environ-economic assessment of the solar coupled heat pump heating system for dairy barns in severe cold region","volume":"328","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energ. Buildings"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15141560","article-title":"Predicting winter ammonia and methane emissions from a naturally ventilated dairy barn in a cold region using an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120998","article-title":"Integrated optimization of a solar collector-air source heat pump-radiation heating bed system for dairy barn heating: a combined approach using RSM, ANN, and NSGA-\u2161","volume":"351","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energ. Conver. Manage."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0165","first-page":"216","article-title":"Calculation and validation of minimum thermal resistance of dairy barns in the Northeastern China","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (transactions of the CSAE)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0170","first-page":"1471","article-title":"A conjugate heat and mass transfer model to evaluate the efficiency of conductive cooling for dairy cattle","volume":"56","author":"Mondaca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0175","first-page":"29","article-title":"Calf barn design to optimize health and ease of management","volume":"35","author":"Nordlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8583","article-title":"Evaluation of conductive cooling of lactating dairy cows under controlled environmental conditions","volume":"98","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2018.05.010","article-title":"Some particular design considerations for optimum utilization of under floor heating systems","volume":"12","author":"Oubenmoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12091349","article-title":"Numerical analysis of ventilation efficiency of a Korean Venlo-type greenhouse with continuous roof vents","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0200","article-title":"Heating design of cowshed floor heating system based on solar energy\/air source heat pump in plateau cold area","volume":"514","author":"Qimiciren","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.06.006","article-title":"Computational model of heat exchange between dairy cow and bedding","volume":"107","author":"Rado\u0144","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.04.007","article-title":"Mortality, diarrhea and respiratory disease in Danish dairy heifer calves: effect of production system and season","volume":"155","author":"Reiten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0215","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on the application effects of low-temperature hot-water floor heating system in calf barn","volume":"19","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600079016","article-title":"Effects of temperature, wind speed and air humidity on ammonia volatilization from surface applied cattle slurry","volume":"117","author":"Sommer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110213","article-title":"Application of ground heat exchangers in cow barns to enhance milk cooling and water heating and storage","volume":"224","author":"Strpi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energ. Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0230","article-title":"A bio-inspired hammer approach to reduce energy consumption and improve pulverization quality in caragana korshinskii processing","volume":"101951","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.26061","article-title":"Reducing heat stress in dairy cows through sprinkler and fan cooling","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0065","series-title":"China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2024","first-page":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.08.005","article-title":"Evaluation of a precision air-supply system in naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns","volume":"175","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2017.12.011","article-title":"Effect of airflow speed and direction on convective heat transfer of standing and reclining cows","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.126653","article-title":"Optimization of a solar-air source heat pump system in the high-cold and high-altitude area of China","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109248","article-title":"Recent research and development of individual precision cooling systems for dairy cows\u2013a review","volume":"225","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0265","first-page":"215","article-title":"Complex insulation shutter improving winter thermal and humidity environment of open-ended cowshed in cold region","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (transactions of the CSAE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104608","article-title":"Pre-weaned dairy calf management practices, morbidity and mortality of bovine respiratory disease and diarrhea in China","volume":"251","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104930","article-title":"Assessment of optimal airflow baffle locations and angles in mechanically-ventilated dairy houses using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"165","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.09.010","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a thermoregulatory model for predicting thermal responses of dairy cows","volume":"223","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926005387?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926005387?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:51:49Z","timestamp":1783115509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926005387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0168169926005387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of thermal performance of conductive heating beds for cold stress dairy cows in severe cold regions using computational fluid dynamics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111943","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111943"}}