{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:16:18Z","timestamp":1783606578974,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101134866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101134866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:13:16Z","timestamp":1781226796000},"page":"112013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cPlease, mind the gap\u201d: A narrative review on digitalization gaps and barriers in the livestock sector"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Stygar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarkko","family":"K. Niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halid","family":"Kayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Correa Harcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Lebreton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Anestis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bartzanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiria","family":"Vouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Arsenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Pastell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050202","article-title":"A Survey of Italian Dairy Farmers\u2019 Propensity for Precision Livestock Farming Tools","volume":"9","author":"Abeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0010","unstructured":"Allain, C., Quinton, P., Philibert, A., Cros, P., Herman, M., Cimin, M., Lafont, N., Larsonneur, S., Frappat, B., 2017. The new connectivity needs of the French dairy farms. ICAR conress 2017, Edinburgh, UK. pp 189-195. Available at: https:\/\/www.icar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/documents\/ICAR-Technical-Series-21-Puerto-Varas-2017-Proceedings.pdf 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0015","first-page":"370","volume":"12","author":"Atik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Competition Problems and Governance of Non-Personal Agricultural Machine Data: Comparing Voluntary Initiatives in the US and EU."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0020","article-title":"The Digitisation of Agriculture: a Survey of Research Activities on Smart Farming","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Bacco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Array"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109181","article-title":"Overcoming \u2018Digital Divides\u2019: Leveraging higher education to develop next generation digital agriculture professionals","volume":"224","author":"Bampasidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0030","unstructured":"Bartzanas, T., Vouraki, S., Anestis, V., Arsenos, G., Stygar, A.H., Niemi, J., Pastell, M., Krampe, C., Yuran, Z., Thobe, P., Marchewka, J., Lindegaard Hjorth Lund, D., Norton, T., Dong, L., Gao, C., Bidanel, J.-P., 2025. D2.1 Relevant products & applications of digital technologies for livestock tracking, identified gaps & barriers and recommendations for bridging the gaps. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e517ff674d&appId=PPGMS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0035","unstructured":"Benaissa, S., De Temmerman, P.-J., Coussement, S., Vangeyte, J., Maselyne, J., 2025. Computer Vision and Deep Learning for Remote Cattle Behavior Tracking on Pasture."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2024.20","article-title":"Private sector trust in data sharing: enablers in the European Union","volume":"6","author":"Bernal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, M., Bava, L., S, rucci, A., Tangorra, F., Tamburini, A., Gislon, G., Zucali, M., 2022. Diffusion of precision livestock farming technologies in dairy cattle farms. ANIMAL 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100650.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100650"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-020-09838-9","article-title":"Foresighting for responsible Innovation using a Delphi Approach: a Case Study of Virtual Fencing Innovation in cattle Farming","volume":"33","author":"Brier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0055","article-title":"Invited Review: using data from sensors and other precision farming technologies to enhance the sustainability of dairy cattle breeding programs","volume":"S0022030225006812","author":"Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/3336451.0014.103","article-title":"Why Standardization efforts Fail","volume":"14","author":"Cargill","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Electronic Publishing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0065","unstructured":"COPA-COGECA, 2018. EU Code of conduct on agricultural data sharing by contractual agreement. Available at https:\/\/cema-agri.org\/pdf\/EU_Code_2018_web_version.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103353","article-title":"Connected cows and cyber chickens? Stocktaking and case studies of digital livestock tools in Kenya and India","volume":"196","author":"Daum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agr. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04785-4","article-title":"Reusability challenges of livestock production data to improve animal health","volume":"12","author":"Delavenne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0080","article-title":"Main drivers and barriers to the adoption of Digital Agriculture technologies","volume":"8","author":"Dibbern","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0085","article-title":"Artificial intelligence applied to precision livestock farming: a tertiary study","volume":"11","author":"Distante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0090","unstructured":"Do, Y., Allain, C., Dechaux, T., El Jabri, M., Delattre, L., Bruyas, M., Gill\u00e9-Perrier, C., Lebreton, A., 2024. 3D image preprocessing and feature extraction techniques applied to cattle body traits estimation. Proceedings of the European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming - ECPLF 2024, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104960","article-title":"Assessment of digital technology adoption and access barriers among crop, dairy and livestock producers in Wisconsin","volume":"165","author":"Drewry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0100","unstructured":"DSSC, 2025. Blueprint v2.0. Interoperability. https:\/\/dssc.eu\/space\/BVE2\/1071251978\/7+Interoperability."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0105","unstructured":"DSSC, 2024. Trust Framework. https:\/\/dssc.eu\/space\/bv15e\/766068747\/Trust+Framework."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100296","article-title":"Review: anticipating alternative trajectories for responsible Agriculture 4.0 innovation in livestock systems","volume":"15","author":"Eastwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9682","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21726","article-title":"The economics of sensor-based management of dairy cow suboptimal mobility","volume":"105","author":"Edwardes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0120","unstructured":"Egger-Danner, C., Klaas, I., Brito, L.F., Schodl, K., Bewley, J.M., Cabrera, V., Haskell, M., Iwersen, M., Heringstad, B., Stock, K.F., Stygar, A.H., Van Der Linde, R., Hostens, M., Charfeddine, N., Gangler, N., Vasseur, E., 2024. Improving animal health and welfare by using sensor data in herd management and dairy cattle breeding\u2014A joint initiative of ICAR and IDF. In Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming, Bologna, Italy, 9\u201312 September 2024 55\u201363."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0125","unstructured":"European Commission, 2025a. Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulations (EU) 2016\/679, (EU) 2018\/1724, (EU) 2018\/1725, (EU) 2023\/2854 and Directives 2002\/58\/EC, (EU) 2022\/2555 and (EU) 2022\/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018\/1807, (EU) 2019\/1150, (EU) 2022\/868, and Directive (EU) 2019\/1024 (Digital Omnibus). https:\/\/doi.org\/COM(2025)%20837%20final."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0130","unstructured":"European Commission, 2025b. Draft Recommendation on non-binding model contractual terms on data access and use and non-binding standard contractual clauses for cloud computing contracts. Asseessed on 29.01.2016 from https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/draft-recommendation-non-binding-model-contractual-terms-data-access-and-use-and-non-binding."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0135","unstructured":"European Commission, 2020. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. A European strategy for data. Accessed 29.01.2026 from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0066."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0140","unstructured":"European Commission. Joint Research Centre., 2025. The state of digitalisation in EU agriculture: insights from farm surveys. Publications Office, LU. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/4688498."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0145","unstructured":"European Court of Auditors., 2022. Data in the common agricultural policy: unrealised potential of big data for policy evaluations. Special report 16, 2022. Accessed on 29.01.2026 from https:\/\/www.eca.europa.eu\/lists\/ecadocuments\/sr22_16\/sr_big_data_in_cap_en.pdf. Publications Office, LU."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0150","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council, 2024. Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0155","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council, 2023. Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending Regulation (EU) 2017\/2394 and Directive (EU) 2020\/1828 (Data Act)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0160","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council, 2022. Regulation (EU) 2022\/868 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on European data governance and amending Regulation (EU) 2018\/1724 (Data Governance Act)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0165","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council, 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0170","unstructured":"Eustache, L., Brousseau, E., Toledano, J., 2025. The Economics of Data-Sharing: An Empirical Investigation of Data Sharing Ecosystems. ICIS 2025 Proceedings. 6. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis2025\/sharing_econ\/sharing_econ\/6."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106816","article-title":"Drivers, barriers and impacts of digitalisation in rural areas from the viewpoint of experts","volume":"145","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.136","article-title":"Resilience: reference measures based on longer-term consequences are needed to unlock the potential of precision livestock farming technologies for quantifying this trait","volume":"2","author":"Friggens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peer Community Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-022-09931-1","article-title":"Adoption of digital technologies in agriculture\u2014an inventory in a european small-scale farming region","volume":"24","author":"Gabriel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0190","article-title":"Life cycle assessment (and environmental footprint) to support food labelling schemes: an overview of current proposals and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Garc\u00eda Herrero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cleaner Environ. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110180","article-title":"A systematic literature review on the applications of federated learning and enabling technologies for livestock management","volume":"234","author":"Garro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5756","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15711","article-title":"Symposium review: challenges and opportunities for evaluating and using the genetic potential of dairy cattle in the new era of sensor data from automation","volume":"102","author":"Gengler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.660565","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Validated Precision Livestock Farming Technologies for Pig Production and its Potential to Assess Animal Welfare","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120001391","article-title":"Digital technology adoption in livestock production with a special focus on ruminant farming","volume":"14","author":"Groher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0215","article-title":"Factors influencing dairy farmers\u2019 willingness to share digital animal welfare\u2013related data","volume":"S002203022500894X","author":"Grotsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfaf050","article-title":"Navigating AI deployment in precision livestock farming: current trends and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34564","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975142","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Smart Farming: challenges and Opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.108874","article-title":"LEI: livestock Event Information schema for enabling data sharing","volume":"220","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12345","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212345","article-title":"Patterns of Inequalities in Digital Agriculture: a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Hackfort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.884187","article-title":"On-Farm Data Security: Practical Recommendations for Securing Farm Data","volume":"6","author":"Hazrati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030360","article-title":"Developing \u2018Smart\u2019 Dairy Farming Responsive to Farmers and Consumer-Citizens: a Review","volume":"12","author":"Henchion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/soru.12297","article-title":"Framing Agri-Digital Governance: Industry Stakeholders, Technological Frames and Smart Farming Implementation","volume":"60","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol. Rural."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0255","first-page":"268","article-title":"Impact of precision livestock farming on work and human-animal interactions on dairy farms. a review","volume":"21","author":"Hostiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Environnement \/ Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0260","series-title":"Software Interoperability","author":"Howie","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0265","unstructured":"ICAR Animal Data Exchange, 2025. JSON standard for Animal Data Exchange (ADE), V1.4."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.819893","article-title":"The end of Animal Welfare Labelling as we know it? Persisting Problems at the Consumer Level and PLF-Based Solutions","volume":"3","author":"Ingenbleek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3228","article-title":"Detection of clinical mastitis with sensor data from automatic milking systems is improved by using decision-tree induction","volume":"93","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.903230","article-title":"Protecting farmers\u2019 data privacy and confidentiality: Recommendations and considerations","volume":"6","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2025.09.014","article-title":"Economic Assessment of Virtual Fencing Technology in Dairy Systems: a Model Study in Temperate Climates","volume":"103","author":"Kiefer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2021\/2\/7","article-title":"Transparency and Consent in Data-Driven Smart Environments","volume":"7","author":"Koolen","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Data Protection Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182868","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 Perspectives of the Benefits and risks in Precision Livestock Farming in the EU Pig and Poultry Sectors","volume":"13","author":"Kopler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0300","series-title":"Eleventh International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2025). Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2025)","first-page":"4","article-title":"The role of agricultural advisory services in facilitating the adoption of new technologies by young farmers in the municipality of Serres","author":"Kountios","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2025.100819","article-title":"Understanding data spaces: a Systematic Mapping Study of foundations, technical building blocks, and sectoral adoption","volume":"59","author":"Kovach","year":"2026","journal-title":"Computer Science Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2024.103397","article-title":"Designing precision livestock farming system innovations: a farmer perspective","volume":"111","author":"Krampe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rural. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-024-10213-1","article-title":"Drivers and barriers to precision agriculture technology and digitalisation adoption: Meta-analysis of decision choice models","volume":"26","author":"Kroupov\u00e1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0320","article-title":"From intentions to adoption: investigating the attitudinal and emotional factors that drive IoT sensor use among dairy farmers","volume":"7","author":"Langer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0325","unstructured":"Lebreton, A., Allain, C., Charpentier, C., D?Introno, M., Fischer, A., Lonis, W., Nicolas, E., Philibert, A., 2022. Are GPS sensors and density-based classification suitable to ensure the traceability of dairy cows on pastures? Part I: Development and validation on experimental farms. Precision Livestock Farming 2022 - Papers Presented at the 10th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming, ECPLF 2022 594\u2013601."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0330","unstructured":"Lely, 2025. Third Party API Documentation. Available at: https:\/\/api-integration.lely.com\/index.html#releasenotes (Accessed: 4 November 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190489","article-title":"Drivers for precision livestock technology adoption: a study of factors associated with adoption of electronic identification technology by commercial sheep farmers in England and Wales","volume":"13","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0340","unstructured":"Lloch, P., Molina, Q., Stygar, A.H., Pastell, M., Maselyne, J., Perez, A., Ko, H.-L., 2024. Validation guidelines of sensors used for the automatic assessment of animal welfare. 9th International Conference on the Welfare Assessment of Animals at Farm Level (WAFL)At: Florence, Italy 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121409","article-title":"A review on dairy cattle farming: is precision livestock farming the compromise for an environmental, economic and social sustainable production?","volume":"262","author":"Lovarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0350","article-title":"Breaking the barriers of technology adoption: Explainable AI for requirement analysis and technology design in smart farming","volume":"9","author":"Mallinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eaaa021","article-title":"The common EU approach to personal data and cybersecurity regulation","volume":"28","author":"Mantelero","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Information Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0118743315410860250914045935","article-title":"Rethinking Wearable Technology in Dairy Cows: challenges and prospects for Smart Collars","volume":"19","author":"Martina","year":"2025","journal-title":"TOASJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2025.109562","article-title":"Transformative supply chains: the enabling role of digital technologies","volume":"283","author":"Massari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9422","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16489","article-title":"Understanding the adoption of smartphone apps in dairy herd management","volume":"102","author":"Michels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2014-01327","article-title":"A survey regarding the interest and concern associated with transitioning from conventional to automated (robotic) milking systems for managers of small-to medium-sized dairy farms","volume":"30","author":"Moyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167045","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Sensor Technologies in Dairy Livestock Export: Charting a Digital Transformation","volume":"23","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0390","unstructured":"Nicolas, E., D?introno, M., Fischer, A., Lebreton, A., Philibert, A., Allain, C., 2022. Are GPS sensors and density-based classification suitable to ensure traceability of dairy cows on pastures? Part II: on-farm deployment. Precision Livestock Farming 2022 Papers Presented at the 10th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming Ecplf 2022 1008\u20131014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0395","unstructured":"Nicolas, E., Stochetti, A., Allain, C., 2024. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION TRENDS AMONG FRENCH RUMINANT FARMERS: A 2023 SURVEY ANALYSIS. InProceedings of the 11th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming, Bologna, Italy. 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0400","article-title":"A systematic review on the role of livestock ontologies in animal health management and disease surveillance: a PRISMA 2020 and AI-assisted screening approach","volume":"14","author":"Noor","year":"2026","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2012.09.014","article-title":"Achieving a sustainable interoperability of standards","volume":"36","author":"Noran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD, 2020. Issues around data governance in the digital transformation of agriculture: The farmers\u2019 perspective (OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 146), OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/53ecf2ab-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/53ecf2ab-en"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517251330182","article-title":"Agricultural data governance from the ground up: Exploring data justice with agri-food movements","volume":"12","author":"Ruder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20873","article-title":"Digital agriculture platforms: driving data\u2010enabled agricultural innovation in a world fraught with privacy and security concerns","volume":"114","author":"Runck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03710-1","article-title":"The future of agricultural data-sharing policy in Europe: stakeholder insights on the EU Code of Conduct","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0430","unstructured":"SAG-SF, 2023. STRATEGIC ADVISORY GROUP REPORT ON SMART FARMING FINAL REPORT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS 1\u2013174."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0435","series-title":"Farm Fragmentation","author":"Saint-Cyr","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1444948","article-title":"Sensor data cleaning for applications in dairy herd management and breeding","volume":"5","author":"Schodl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27011","article-title":"Invited review: Milking the data for value-driven dairy farming","volume":"109","author":"Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0450","unstructured":"Shutske, J., 2024. Dairy farms adopt digital tools, but barriers exist to expand tech use. https:\/\/www.agproud.com\/articles\/21387-dairy-farms-adopt-digital-tools-but-barriers-exist-to-expand-tech-use."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123488","article-title":"Adoption of Precision Technologies by Brazilian Dairy Farms: the Farmer\u2019s perception","volume":"11","author":"Silvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105237","article-title":"Application of machine learning to improve dairy farm management: a systematic literature review","volume":"187","author":"Slob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.10.006","article-title":"Economic consequences of investing in sensor systems on dairy farms","volume":"119","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0470","volume":"animal 17","author":"Stygar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measuring Dairy Cow Welfare with Real-Time Sensor-Based Data and Farm Records: a Concept Study."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.634338","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Commercially Available and Validated Sensor Technologies for Welfare Assessment of Dairy cattle","volume":"8","author":"Stygar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0480","series-title":"How far are we from data-driven and animal-based welfare assessment?","author":"Stygar","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab038","article-title":"Advancements in sensor technology and decision support intelligent tools to assist smart livestock farming","volume":"99","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0490","unstructured":"Turland, M., Slade, P., 2018. Farmers Willingness to Share Data: A Study of Saskatchewan Farmers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/AG.ECON.277275."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12867","article-title":"Farm-specific economic value of automatic lameness detection systems in dairy cattle: from concepts to operational simulations","volume":"101","author":"Van De Gucht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109755","article-title":"An adaptive expert-in-the-loop algorithm for flock-specific anomaly detection in laying hen production","volume":"229","author":"Van Veen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viardot, McCarthy, I., Chen, J., 2021. Editorial: Standardization in a Digital and Global World: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 68, 11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEM.2020.3006302.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.3006302"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0510","volume":"animal 18","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development of a Novel Bluetooth Low Energy Device for Proximity and Location Monitoring in Grazing Sheep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, H.F., Leonelli, S. (Eds.), 2023. Towards Responsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-13276-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13276-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103241","article-title":"Data sharing platforms: how value is created from agricultural data","volume":"193","author":"Wysel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agricultural Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1456991","article-title":"From profitability to trust: factors shaping digital agriculture adoption","volume":"8","author":"Yeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006083?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006083?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:29:40Z","timestamp":1783603780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926006083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S0168169926006083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cPlease, mind the gap\u201d: A narrative review on digitalization gaps and barriers in the livestock sector","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112013"}}