{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:17:04Z","timestamp":1783606624645,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012521","name":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5719\/UN1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5719\/UN1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012521","name":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2\/Dit-Lit\/PT.01.03\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2\/Dit-Lit\/PT.01.03\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:22:01Z","timestamp":1781554921000},"page":"112026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multidepth soil sensing with an embedded hydrothermal stress index captures stratified stability in hardpan-limited tropical spodosol oil palm systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardan","family":"Wiratmoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andri Prima","family":"Nugroho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Ezekiel","family":"Manik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadel Arya","family":"Pradana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilik","family":"Sutiarso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Okayasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0005","first-page":"435","article-title":"Validating an IoT implementation framework for supporting industry 4.0 in SMEs: a Delphi and focus group approach. Discover","volume":"7","author":"Abdulaziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboutalebi, M., Allen, N., Torres-Rua, A. F., McKee, M., & Coopmans, C. (2019). Estimation of soil moisture at different soil levels using machine learning techniques and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery. In J. A. Thomasson, M. McKee, & R. J. Moorhead (Eds.), Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping IV (p. 26). SPIE. 10.1117\/12.2519743.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2519743"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2018.09.0173","article-title":"Testing a water redistribution model in a cracked vertisol at two scales","volume":"18","author":"Bagnall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2719","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0178.1","article-title":"Working toward a national coordinated soil moisture monitoring network: vision, progress, and future directions","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bockheim, J. G., & Hartemink, A. E. (2017). Spodosols. In The soils of Wisconsin (pp. 149\u2013155). 10.1007\/978-3-319-52144-2_9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52144-2_9"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-2255-2018","article-title":"Using lagged dependence to identify (de)coupled surface and subsurface soil moisture values","volume":"22","author":"Carranza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117625","article-title":"Scale effects and driving factors of soil hydrothermal processes in the deep vadose zone under seasonal freeze\u2013thaw action","volume":"464","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107269","article-title":"Variability analysis and the conservation capacity of soil water storage under different vegetation types in arid regions","volume":"230","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comte, I., Colin, F., Whalen, J. K., Gr\u00fcnberger, O., & Caliman, J.-P. (2012). Agricultural Practices in Oil Palm Plantations and Their Impact on Hydrological Changes, Nutrient Fluxes and Water Quality in Indonesia (pp. 71\u2013124). 10.1016\/B978-0-12-394277-7.00003-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394277-7.00003-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116452","article-title":"A multihead LSTM technique for prognostic prediction of soil moisture","volume":"433","author":"Datta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02571862.2017.1410734","article-title":"Spodosols in Brazil: distribution, characteristics and diagnostic attributes of spodic horizons","volume":"35","author":"de Menezes","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Plant Soil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001490","article-title":"Reconciling canopy interception parameterization and rainfall forcing frequency in the community land model for simulating evapotranspiration of rainforests and oil palm plantations in Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-10-1-2024","article-title":"Thermodynamic and hydrological drivers of the soil and bedrock thermal regimes in central Spain","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.11.036","article-title":"Root mean square error or mean absolute error? use their ratio as well","volume":"585","author":"Karunasingha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0075","article-title":"Optimizing soil hydrothermal status improves potato photosynthetic capacity and yield under mulching practices in rainfed areas","volume":"102798","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2025.109789","article-title":"Hydrothermal stress influences the spatial distribution pattern of soil organic carbon and its stock in Xinjiang","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Catena"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9973","article-title":"Soil water content vertical profiles under natural conditions: matching of experiments and simulations by a conceptual model","volume":"28","author":"Morbidelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0090","article-title":"Quantifying hydrothermal-driven dynamics of gross primary productivity in the Ta-Pieh mountains based on explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"62","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nugroho, A. P., Kusumawati, N. B., Murtiningrum, Wiratmoko, A., Haryadi, I. M., Pradana, F. A., Suwardi, Sukarman, Primananda, S., & Sutiarso, L. (2023). Development of Soil Moisture Content Monitoring System for Precision Measurement of Soil Moisture in Sub-Optimal Land for Palm Oil Plantation. BIO Web of Conferences, 69, 05003. 10.1051\/bioconf\/20236905003.","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20236905003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0100","article-title":"A confidence-weighted decision framework for on-site fertilizer quality screening and off-spec detection in smart agricultural systems using low-cost macronutrient sensors","volume":"102103","author":"Nugroho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16302","article-title":"Soil physicochemical properties change by age of the oil palm crop","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rez-Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11204","DOI":"10.3390\/su172411204","article-title":"An integrated IoT- and machine learning-based smart management and decision support system for sustainable oil palm production","volume":"17","author":"Puangsuwan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147720907826","article-title":"A high-sensitivity multilayer soil moisture monitoring sensor based on a double high-frequency tuning detection circuit","volume":"16","author":"Qinglan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/590287","article-title":"Simulation of soil temperature dynamics with models using different concepts","volume":"2012","author":"S\u00e1ndor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JHYEFF.HEENG-6025","article-title":"Infiltration model parameters from rainfall simulation for sandy soils","volume":"29","author":"Schoener","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0727.1","article-title":"Quantifying spatiotemporal variations of soil moisture control on surface energy balance and near-surface air temperature","volume":"30","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0135","article-title":"Nutrient leaching in oil palm plantation: a review on special reference to fertilization application","volume":"22","author":"Sham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci. (PJLSS)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028827","article-title":"Soil Moisture responses to rainfall: implications for runoff generation","volume":"57","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza Junior, A. J. de, Cam\u00ealo, D. de L., Arruda, D. L. de, Souza Junior, V. S. de, Rocha, A. T. da, & Corr\u00eaa, M. M. (2023). Spodosol formation on sandy ruins in a semi-arid climate in the Catimbau National Park, Northeast Brazil. CATENA, 229, 107226. 10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107226"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0150","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of composition and nutrient content in various commercial fertilisers used in indonesian oil palm plantations","author":"Sukarman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oil Palm Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukmarian, D., Wiskandar, W., Zuhdi, M., & Ajidirman, A. (2024). Study of Physical Properties on Spodosols in Eucalyptus Plantation Area at PT. Wirakarya Sakti. Agrosains\u00a0: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi, 26(1), 1. 10.20961\/agsjpa.v26i1.84919.","DOI":"10.20961\/agsjpa.v26i1.84919"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwardi, S., Sutiarso, L., Wirianata, H., Nugroho, A. P., Sukarman, & Primananda, S. (2022). Substantial Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties of Spodosols Soil by Hardpan Breaking and Mounding in Oil Palm Plantation. 10.2991\/978-94-6463-086-2_20.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-086-2_20"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0165","unstructured":"Suwardi, S., Sutiarso, L., Wirianata, H., Nugroho, A. P., Sukarman, S., & Primananda, S. (2023). Hardpan Breaking and Mounding in Spodosol Fields to Enhance Oil Palm Productivity (Vol. 54, Number 10). Andri Prima Nugroho. http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syarovy, M., Nugroho, A. P., Sutiarso, L., Suwardi, Muna, M. S., Wiratmoko, A., Sukarman, & Primananda, S. (2023). Prediction of Oil Palm Production Using Recurrent Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) (pp. 55\u201366). 10.2991\/978-94-6463-122-7_6.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-122-7_6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoumazeau, A., Mettauer, R., Turinah, Junedi, H., Baron, V., Ch\u00e9ron-Bessou, C., & Ollivier, J. (2024). Effects of fertilization practices and understory on soil health and oil palm performances in smallholdings: An Indonesian case study. Agricultural Systems, 213, 103802. 10.1016\/j.agsy.2023.103802.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2023.103802"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0086.1","article-title":"Soil apparent thermal diffusivity estimated by conduction and by conduction\u2013convection heat transfer models","volume":"18","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiratmoko, A., Nugroho, A. P., Muna, M. S., Syarovy, M., Suwardi, Sukarman, & Sutiarso, L. (2023). Development of Cloud-Based Decision Support System for Fertilizer Management - A Case Study in Wilmar Oil Palm Plantation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Environment, Agriculture and Tourism (ICOSEAT 2022), 26. 10.2991\/978-94-6463-086-2_69.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-086-2_69"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14091626","article-title":"People, palms, and productivity: testing better management practices in indonesian smallholder oil palm plantations","volume":"14","author":"Woittiez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2025.114086","article-title":"Observed effects of utility-scale photovoltaic plants on soil hydrothermal conditions in Gobi desert","volume":"303","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026_b0200","article-title":"Soil moisture determines horizontal and vertical root extension in the perennial grass Lolium perenne L. growing in Karst Soil","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:33:39Z","timestamp":1783604019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926006216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0168169926006216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multidepth soil sensing with an embedded hydrothermal stress index captures stratified stability in hardpan-limited tropical spodosol oil palm systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112026"}}