{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1792843240151,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52572505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52572505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:04:26Z","timestamp":1782144266000},"page":"112054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimization of efficiency and stability in a front-axle direct torque-coupled hybrid tractor during plowing via regenerative braking: a coordinated multilayer control strategy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"252","author":[{"given":"Zepeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liquan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.123647","article-title":"An integrated control strategy of parallel-series hybrid electric powertrain systems for agricultural tractors","volume":"253","author":"Ai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1177\/09544070211045565","article-title":"An integrated control of front in-wheel motors and rear electronic limited slip differential for high-speed cornering performance","volume":"236","author":"Cha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. D: J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118801","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3322462","article-title":"Model predictive control-based energy management system for a hybrid electric agricultural tractor","volume":"11","author":"Curiel-Olivares","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2022.2054352","article-title":"On nonlinear model predictive direct yaw moment control for trailer sway mitigation","volume":"61","author":"De Bernardis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHVS.2021.117505","article-title":"Investigating the effects of off-road vehicles on soil compaction using FEA-SPH simulation","volume":"28","author":"Gheshlaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJHVS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1049\/els2.12029","article-title":"An intelligent energy management strategy for an off\u2010road plug\u2010in hybrid electric tractor based on farm operation recognition","volume":"11","author":"Ghobadpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Electrical Syst in Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8395","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2999893","article-title":"A Robust Traction Control Platform for AWD Vehicles with AWD TMU and eLSD","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1177\/09544070231184506","article-title":"Research on interaction law of longitudinal\/lateral slip of mountain tractor based on tire-soil model","volume":"238","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. D: J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110810","article-title":"Research on traction and lateral stability control algorithm of tractor\u2019s plowing unit and field trials in hilly and mountainous areas","volume":"238","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107525","article-title":"Fasting the stabilization response for prevention of tractor rollover using active steering: Controller parameter optimization and real-vehicle dynamic tests","volume":"204","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.078","article-title":"Estimation of engine CO2 and NOx emissions and their correlation with the not-to-exceed zone for a tractor ploughing fields of various sizes","volume":"198","author":"Janulevi\u010dius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.06.052","article-title":"Tractor\u2019s engine performance and emission characteristics in the process of ploughing","volume":"75","author":"Janulevi\u010dius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energ. Conver. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-024-00824-5","article-title":"Improving On-farm Energy Use Efficiency by Optimizing Machinery Operations and Management: a Review","volume":"14","author":"Jensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104851","article-title":"Influence of soil moisture content on the traction performance of a 78-kW agricultural tractor during plow tillage","volume":"207","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-021-09805-y","article-title":"Georeferenced tractor wheel slip data for prediction of spatial variability in soil physical properties","volume":"22","author":"Kosti\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0080","article-title":"Engine speed Control System for improving the fuel Efficiency of Agricultural Tractors for Plowing Operations","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106350","article-title":"Collision-free path planning for a guava-harvesting robot based on recurrent deep reinforcement learning","volume":"188","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.108985","article-title":"Learning-based double layer control method of yaw stability simulation research for rear wheel independent drive electric tractor plowing operation","volume":"221","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124499","article-title":"Investigating the efficiency of hybrid architectures for agricultural tractors using real-world farming data","volume":"377","author":"Mattetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s44379-025-00016-0","article-title":"When physics meets machine learning: a survey of physics-informed machine learning","volume":"1","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mach. Learn. Comput. Sci. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117803","article-title":"The effect of the tractor driving system on its performance and fuel consumption","volume":"202","author":"Moinfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2013.07.006","article-title":"Energy consumption in cultivating and ploughing with traction improvement system and consideration of the rear furrow wheel-load in ploughing","volume":"134","author":"Moitzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0115","unstructured":"Nishiike, Y., Umeda, M., Fujii, M., Shiozaki, S., Iida, M., Suguri, M., 2004. Direct Yaw Moment Control by Braking Force Distribution for Handling and Stability of Agricultural Tractors, in: Automation Technology for Off-Road Equipment Proceedings of the 2004 Conference. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, p. 305."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, L.P., Ps, S., Paygude, T., Gangsar, P., Thakre, M., Choudhary, N., Gitapathi, A., 2025. Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications (No. 2025- 01\u20138540). SAE Technical Paper. 10.4271\/2025-01-8540.","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-01-8540"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106458","article-title":"Recovering tractor stability from an intensive rollover with a momentum flywheel and active steering: System formulation and scale-model verification","volume":"190","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2024.3362934","article-title":"Simultaneous Energy Management and speed Control in a Hybrid Tractor with Experimental Validation","volume":"32","author":"Radrizzani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3318237","article-title":"An Add-on Model Predictive Control Strategy for the Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Tractors","volume":"73","author":"Radrizzani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandrini, G., Gadola, M., Chindamo, D., Magri, P., 2023. Efficient Regenerative Braking Strategy Aimed at Preserving Vehicle Stability by Preventing Wheel Locking. Transportation Research Procedia, 8th International Electric Vehicle Conference (EVC 2023) 70, 28\u201335. 10.1016\/j.trpro.2023.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2023.10.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0145","article-title":"Yaw stability control of tractor vehicle based on nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode","volume":"09544070241272772","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. D: J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-019-0428-3","article-title":"Lateral Displacement Control for Agricultural Tractor based on Cascade Control Structure","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Control Autom. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0155","article-title":"An integrated control strategy for reducing equivalent fuel consumption and improving traction efficiency of a distributed hybrid electric tractor considering farmland terrain adaptability","volume":"334","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.01.014","article-title":"Numerical analysis of steering instability in an agricultural tractor induced by bouncing and sliding","volume":"192","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123538","article-title":"Design and verification innovative approach of dual-motor power coupling drive systems for electric tractors","volume":"247","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4898(73)90014-1","article-title":"Off-road traction prediction for wheeled vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Wismer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Terramech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.134586","article-title":"A multi-objective optimization approach for regenerative braking control in electric vehicles using MPE-SAC algorithm","volume":"318","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.06.014","article-title":"Data-driven torque and pitch control of wind turbines via reinforcement learning","volume":"215","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111665","article-title":"A multi-agent-based cooperative optimization control method for the motor energy consumption and tracking accuracy of an unmanned electric tractor","volume":"159","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intel."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2023.3336070","article-title":"Data-Driven Control of Hydraulic Manipulators by Reinforcement Learning","volume":"29","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-025-0537-2","article-title":"Optimized fuzzy control energy management strategy for hybrid tractors considering working conditions adaptation","volume":"39","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129874","article-title":"Cooperative control method considering efficiency and tracking performance for unmanned hybrid tractor based on rotary tillage prediction","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., 2025. Enhancing stability and driving efficiency in tractor plowing operations on lateral slopes through independent braking and electronic Limited-Slip Differential: A Multi-Layer control strategy based on Multi-Channel time series prediction.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110298"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110298","article-title":"Enhancing stability and driving efficiency in tractor plowing operations on lateral slopes through independent braking and electronic Limited-Slip Differential: a Multi-Layer control strategy based on Multi-Channel time series prediction","volume":"234","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111449","article-title":"Hierarchical control strategy for improving rotary tillage stability and efficiency of hybrid tractors using regenerative braking","volume":"244","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."}],"container-title":["Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006496?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168169926006496?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:52:58Z","timestamp":1786495978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169926006496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0168169926006496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization of efficiency and stability in a front-axle direct torque-coupled hybrid tractor during plowing via regenerative braking: a coordinated multilayer control strategy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2026.112054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112054"}}