{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:42:18Z","timestamp":1772905338553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004070","name":"Khalifa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1-2018-KUCARS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1-2018-KUCARS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1758857723000},"page":"111119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Improving knee joint angle prediction through Dynamic Contextual Focus and Gated Linear Units"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyes","family":"Saad Saoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Humaid","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Aljarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0048-y","article-title":"The H2 robotic exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation after stroke: early findings from a clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Bortole","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b2","series-title":"2016 6th IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","first-page":"631","article-title":"Mechanical design and analysis of light weight hip joint parallel elastic actuator for industrial exoskeleton","author":"Masood","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2016.08.004","article-title":"Design and control solutions for haptic elbow exoskeleton module used in space telerobotics","volume":"107","author":"Lovasz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820957467","article-title":"Exoskeleton application to military manual handling tasks","volume":"64","author":"Proud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b5","series-title":"Wearable Robotics: Challenges and Trends: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Wearable Robotics, WeRob2016, October 18-21, 2016, Segovia, Spain","first-page":"21","article-title":"Exoskeletons for rehabilitation and personal mobility: creating clinical evidence","author":"Arun Jayaraman","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Recent developments and challenges of lower extremity exoskeletons","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00906-3","article-title":"Review of control strategies for lower-limb exoskeletons to assist gait","volume":"18","author":"Baud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113788","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3104464","article-title":"Systematic review of intelligent algorithms in gait analysis and prediction for lower limb robotic systems","volume":"9","author":"Kolaghassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b9","series-title":"Introduction to machine learning","first-page":"1","author":"Alpaydin","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211466","article-title":"Automatic real-time gait event detection in children using deep neural networks","volume":"14","author":"Kidzi\u0144ski","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2928777","article-title":"Deep learning for monitoring of human gait: A review","volume":"19","author":"Alharthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1240789","article-title":"Real-time inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics for lower limb applications using OpenSim","volume":"20","author":"Pizzolato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Saad Saoud, I. Hussain, TempoNet: Empowering Long-Term Knee Joint Angle Prediction with Dynamic Temporal Attention in Exoskeleton Control, in: 2023 IEEE-RAS 22nd International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), 2023, pp. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/Humanoids57100.2023.10375196"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3200485","article-title":"Continuous estimation of human knee joint angles by fusing kinematic and myoelectric signals","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b15","series-title":"2015 IEEE-RAS 15th International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids)","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Rhythmic EKF for pose estimation during gait","author":"Joukov","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b16","first-page":"203","article-title":"Real-time estimation method of knee joint flexion and extension angle based on angular velocity","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yi Qi Yi Biao Xue Bao\/Chinese J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Zhang, M. Tomizuka, J. Bae, Time series prediction of knee joint movement and its application to a network-based rehabilitation system, in: 2014 American Control Conference, 2014, pp. 4810\u20134815.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2014.6859402"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-021-00478-6","article-title":"A single platform for classification and prediction using a hybrid bioinspired and deep neural network (PSO-LSTM)","volume":"37","author":"Sohane","year":"2022","journal-title":"MAPAN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b19","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics","article-title":"Validating model-based prediction of biological knee moment during walking with an exoskeleton in crouch gait: Potential application for exoskeleton control","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-008-0301-1","article-title":"Estimation of the accuracy of joint mobility assessment in a group of health professionals","volume":"18","author":"Banskota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-018-0161-5","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of knee goniometry methods","volume":"5","author":"Hancock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b22","series-title":"BIODEVICES 2011 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices","article-title":"Wearable human body joint and posture measuring system","author":"Dunias","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b23","series-title":"2023 IST-Africa Conference, IST-Africa 2023","article-title":"Comparison of wearable and computer vision based approaches to knee flexion angle measurement","author":"Gitau","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Lee, J.-F. Daneault, L. Weydert, A novel flexible wearable sensor for estimating joint-angles, in: BSN 2016 - 13th Annual Body Sensor Networks Conference, 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2016.7516291"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05265-y","article-title":"HKA-net: clinically-adapted deep learning for automated measurement of hip-knee-ankle angle on lower limb radiography for knee osteoarthritis assessment","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102663","article-title":"Kinetics prediction of normal knee and undergone total knee arthroplasty during squatting based on extreme gradient boosting","volume":"23","author":"Chaiyasit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06696-4","article-title":"Tibial joint line orientation has no effect on joint awareness after mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty","volume":"30","author":"Calek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sport. Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23826","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3056880","article-title":"Multi-model long short-term memory network for gait recognition using window-based data segment","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-024-00603-8","article-title":"Auto-correlation and channel attention enhanced deep graph convolution networks for gait phase prediction based on multi-IMU system","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b30","series-title":"2021 18th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots","first-page":"256","article-title":"Real-time knee joint angle estimation based on surface electromyograph and back propagation neural network","author":"Ling","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Zhu, Q. Liu, W. Meng, Q. Ai, S.Q. Xie, An Attention-Based CNN-LSTM Model with Limb Synergy for Joint Angles Prediction, in: 2021 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, AIM, 2021, pp. 747\u2013752.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM46487.2021.9517544"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00362","article-title":"Lower limb kinematics trajectory prediction using long short-term memory neural networks","volume":"8","author":"Zaroug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255597","article-title":"Prediction of gait trajectories based on the long short term memory neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Zaroug","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b34","series-title":"An empirical evaluation of generic convolutional and recurrent networks for sequence modeling","author":"Bai","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b35","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"5998","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31962","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3252916","article-title":"Deep learning models for stable gait prediction applied to exoskeleton reference trajectories for children with cerebral palsy","volume":"11","author":"Kolaghassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b37","first-page":"11106","article-title":"Informer: Beyond efficient transformer for long sequence time-series forecasting","volume":"vol. 35","author":"Zhou","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b38","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","article-title":"Autoformer: Decomposition transformers with Auto-Correlation for long-term series forecasting","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b39","series-title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirty-Fifth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Thirteenth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"11121","article-title":"Are transformers effective for time series forecasting?","author":"Zeng","year":"2023"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218441","article-title":"Gait trajectory prediction on an embedded microcontroller using deep learning","volume":"22","author":"Karakish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b41","series-title":"2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics","first-page":"506","article-title":"Simulation on the effect of gait variability, delays, and inertia with respect to wearer energy savings with exoskeleton assistance","author":"Fang","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3071461","article-title":"Continuous prediction of lower-limb kinematics from multi-modal biomedical signals","volume":"32","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06710.x","article-title":"Interrelationships between electromyographic, mechanical, muscle structure and reflex time measurements in man","volume":"111","author":"Viitasalo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b44","series-title":"Swin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","first-page":"9992","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b46","series-title":"Language modeling with gated convolutional networks","author":"Dauphin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110320","article-title":"A comprehensive, open-source dataset of lower limb biomechanics in multiple conditions of stairs, ramps, and level-ground ambulation and transitions","volume":"119","author":"Camargo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119_b48","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"49","article-title":"A comparison between ARIMA, LSTM, and GRU for time series forecasting","author":"Yamak","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525014726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525014726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:39:58Z","timestamp":1772847598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010482525014726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0010482525014726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Improving knee joint angle prediction through Dynamic Contextual Focus and Gated Linear Units","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111119","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111119"}}