{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:55:05Z","timestamp":1773212105501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004490","name":"University of Waterloo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004490","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:44:28Z","timestamp":1759157068000},"page":"111132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Trust and accuracy in AI: Optometrists favor multimodal AI systems over unimodal for glaucoma diagnosis in collaborative environment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9393-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yousuf Zia","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000033","article-title":"Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err","volume":"144","author":"Dietvorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. [Gen.]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057","article-title":"Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research","volume":"14","author":"Glikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/47031","article-title":"Trust in and acceptance of artificial intelligence applications in medicine: Mixed methods study","volume":"11","author":"Shevtsova","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5991","article-title":"How ai can be a force for good","volume":"361","author":"Taddeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104550","article-title":"Theory of trust and acceptance of artificial intelligence technology (traait): An instrument to assess clinician trust and acceptance of artificial intelligence","volume":"148","author":"Stevens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313173","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology","volume":"103","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104233","article-title":"A multi-feature deep learning system to enhance glaucoma severity diagnosis with high accuracy and fast speed","volume":"136","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124888","article-title":"Glaucoma diagnosis in the era of deep learning: A survey","volume":"256","author":"Ashtari-Majlan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053805","article-title":"Time trends, associations and prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma: an analysis of observational data from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2837012","article-title":"Disc-aware ensemble network for glaucoma screening from fundus image","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00933-z","article-title":"Use of multimodal dataset in ai for detecting glaucoma based on fundus photographs assessed with oct: focus group study on high prevalence of myopia","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104482","article-title":"A scoping review on multimodal deep learning in biomedical images and texts","volume":"146","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392","article-title":"Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2307\/258792","article-title":"An integrative model of organizational trust","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.926617","article-title":"Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust","volume":"23","author":"Rousseau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211013988","article-title":"Trust in artificial intelligence: Meta-analytic findings","volume":"65","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00605-4","article-title":"Trust in artificial intelligence: From a foundational trust framework to emerging research opportunities","volume":"32","author":"Lukyanenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3359206","article-title":"\u201cHello ai\u201d: Uncovering the onboarding needs of medical practitioners for human-ai collaborative decision-making","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007","article-title":"Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences","volume":"267","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211034716","article-title":"Toward quantifying trust dynamics: How people adjust their trust after moment-to-moment interaction with automation","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-109338","article-title":"Trust criteria for artificial intelligence in health: normative and epistemic considerations","volume":"50","author":"Kostick-Quenet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886","article-title":"Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse","volume":"39","author":"Parasuraman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/15553434221113964","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between ethics and trust in human\u2013artificial intelligence teaming: A mixed methods approach","volume":"16","author":"Textor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/28639","article-title":"Human factors and technological characteristics influencing the interaction of medical professionals with artificial intelligence\u2013enabled clinical decision support systems: Literature review","volume":"9","author":"Knop","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/jmai-21-25","article-title":"Factors influencing trust in medical artificial intelligence for healthcare professionals: a narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Tucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b26","article-title":"Diagnostic decision-making variability between novice and expert optometrists for glaucoma: Comparative analysis to inform ai system design","volume":"13","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b27","series-title":"Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: 8th International Conference, EPCE 2009, Held As Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009. Proceedings 8","first-page":"3","article-title":"Towards cognitive-aware multimodal presentation: the modality effects in high-load hci","author":"Cao","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Kalatzis, S. Rahman, V. Girishan Prabhu, L. Stanley, M. Wittie, A multimodal approach to investigate the role of cognitive workload and user interfaces in human\u2013robot collaboration, in: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2023, pp. 5\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3577190.3614112"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.09.007","article-title":"Gender differences in trust dynamics: Women trust more than men following a trust violation","volume":"56","author":"Haselhuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b30","series-title":"Psychology of Gender Differences","first-page":"205","article-title":"Trust and trustworthiness: a survey of gender differences","author":"Rau","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b31","series-title":"International Conference on Gender Research","first-page":"36","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: Gender-specific differences in perception, understanding, and training interest","author":"Armutat","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00482","article-title":"Trusting robocop: Gender-based effects on trust of an autonomous robot","volume":"10","author":"Gallimore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2021.1958505","article-title":"The role of domain expertise in trusting and following explainable ai decision support systems","volume":"32","author":"Bayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Nourani, J. King, E. Ragan, The role of domain expertise in user trust and the impact of first impressions with intelligent systems, in: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing, Vol. 8, 2020, pp. 112\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1609\/hcomp.v8i1.7469"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.017","article-title":"Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the barbados eye studies","volume":"115","author":"Leske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0077","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the incidence of open-angle glaucoma: The visual impairment project","volume":"44","author":"Le","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.063","article-title":"Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma?","volume":"113","author":"de Voogd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.714","article-title":"The ocular hypertension treatment study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.075","article-title":"Predictive factors for open-angle glaucoma among patients with ocular hypertension in the european glaucoma prevention study","volume":"114","author":"Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04","article-title":"Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems","volume":"4","author":"Jian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ergon."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2020.1749020","article-title":"Initial validation of the trust of automated systems test (toast)","volume":"160","author":"Wojton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b42","series-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018) Volume VI: Transport Ergonomics and Human Factors","first-page":"13","article-title":"Theoretical considerations and development of a questionnaire to measure trust in automation","volume":"vol. 20","author":"K\u00f6rber","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b43","series-title":"Trust in Human\u2013Robot Interaction","first-page":"3","article-title":"A multidimensional conception and measure of human\u2013robot trust","author":"Malle","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.604977","article-title":"Measurement of trust in automation: A narrative review and reference guide","volume":"12","author":"Kohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2307\/258792","article-title":"An integrative model of organizational trust","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1996.11518099","article-title":"Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Manage. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007","article-title":"Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences","volume":"267","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Pareek, E. Velloso, J. Goncalves, Trust development and repair in ai-assisted decision-making during complementary expertise, in: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 2024, pp. 546\u2013561.","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658924"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the effect of counterfactual explanations on trust and reliance on ai for human-ai collaborative clinical decision making","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132_b51","series-title":"Effect of AI system data modality on users trust","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525014854?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525014854?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1773133892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010482525014854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0010482525014854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trust and accuracy in AI: Optometrists favor multimodal AI systems over unimodal for glaucoma diagnosis in collaborative environment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111132","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111132"}}