{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:59:55Z","timestamp":1773338395313,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023R1A2C2006850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C2006850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR070832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR070832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:39:54Z","timestamp":1762267194000},"page":"111253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Spatiotemporal blood viscosity by local hematocrit under pulsatile flow: Whole blood experiments and computational analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheong-Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Guk","family":"Paeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib2","first-page":"435","volume":"29","author":"Baskurt","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3850.274","article-title":"Red blood cells: why or why not?","volume":"162","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0056414","article-title":"Pulsatile flow dynamics in symmetric and asymmetric bifurcating vessels","volume":"33","author":"Nagargoje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.02.005","article-title":"Pulsatile flow: a critical modulator of the natural history of atherosclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Chatzizisis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj6423","article-title":"Marginated aberrant red blood cells induce pathologic vascular stress fluctuations in a computational model of hematologic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.008","article-title":"Role of hemodynamic shear stress in cardiovascular disease","volume":"214","author":"Cecchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1885-3","article-title":"Blood flow mechanics in cardiovascular development","volume":"72","author":"Boselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2021.0227","article-title":"Pulsatile hemodynamics and coronary artery disease","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean Circulation Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H540","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.253.3.H540","article-title":"Blood viscosity in small tubes: effect of shear rate, aggregation, and sedimentation","volume":"253","author":"Reinke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib11","first-page":"11772","volume":"108","author":"Fedosov","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200009000-00007","article-title":"Hematocrit, volume expander, temperature, and shear rate effects on blood viscosity","volume":"91","author":"Eckmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of red blood cell aggregation. Indian","volume":"45","author":"Baskurt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.07.024","article-title":"New method of hematocrit correction of whole blood viscosity","volume":"57","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Tran."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003020","article-title":"Revolutionizing breast cancer monitoring: emerging hematocrit-based metrics\u2013a narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1036","article-title":"Ultrasonic backscatter from rat blood in aggregating media under in vitro rotational flow","volume":"56","author":"Nam","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics Freq. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.08.015","article-title":"Echogenicity variations from porcine blood I: the \u201cbright collapsing ring\u201d under pulsatile flow","volume":"30","author":"Paeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib18","series-title":"A 3D Ultrasound Model of Red Blood Cell Aggregation","first-page":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1232","article-title":"Cyclic variations of high-frequency ultrasonic backscattering from blood under pulsatile flow","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics Freq. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03181874","article-title":"Ultrasonic visualization of dynamic behavior of red blood cells in flowing blood","volume":"12","author":"Paeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Visual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.03.032","article-title":"High spatial and temporal resolution observations of pulsatile changes in blood echogenicity in the common carotid artery of rats","volume":"39","author":"Nam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejeiss.142.629","article-title":"Investigation of Formation and ultrasonic disassembling of red blood cell aggregation aimed for maintenance of blood channel","volume":"142","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100711","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasound and photoacoustic assessments of red blood cell aggregation in the human radial artery","volume":"43","author":"Bok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.03.001","article-title":"Echogenicity variations from porcine blood II: the \u201cbright ring\u201d under oscillatory flow","volume":"30","author":"Paeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.46.1","article-title":"Erythrocyte rheology in microcirculation","volume":"46","author":"Maeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.3.889","article-title":"Inhibition of red cell aggregation prevents spontaneous echocardiographic contrast formation in human blood","volume":"96","author":"Fatkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1299\/jbse.5.578","article-title":"Mesoscopic blood flow simulation considering hematocrit-dependent viscosity","volume":"5","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib28","first-page":"363","article-title":"Rheological and kinetic dysfunctions of the cholesterol-loaded, human erythrocytes","volume":"16","author":"Shiga","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112093002885","article-title":"The hydrodynamic force on a rigid particle undergoing arbitrary time-dependent motion at small Reynolds number","volume":"256","author":"Lovalenti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7779\/JKSNT.2012.32.5.494","article-title":"Pulsatility Index of blood echogenicity of the human radial and common carotid arteries: relation with Age and stroke","volume":"32","author":"Bok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib31","series-title":"A Pilot Study of Blood Echogenicity from the Radial Artery and the Carotid Artery of Stroke Patients","first-page":"2364","author":"Bok","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.07.009","article-title":"Ultrasonic observation of blood disturbance in a stenosed tube: effects of flow acceleration and turbulence downstream","volume":"34","author":"Nam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib33","first-page":"451","article-title":"Aggregation of red blood cells studied by ultrasound backscattering","volume":"24","author":"Boynard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-009-0573-6","article-title":"Flow pumping system for physiological waveforms","volume":"48","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2019.10.020","article-title":"Pulsatile flow pump based on an iterative controlled piston pump actuator as an in-vitro cardiovascular flow model","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib36","article-title":"Automation of the harvard apparatus pulsatile blood pump","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Dev. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.03.021","article-title":"Cyclic and radial variation of the echogenicity of blood in human carotid arteries observed by harmonic imaging","volume":"36","author":"Paeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89286-1","article-title":"Numerical simulation of spatiotemporal red blood cell aggregation under sinusoidal pulsatile flow","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Depletion-model-based numerical simulation of the kinetics of red blood cell aggregation under sinusoidal pulsatile flow","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106767","article-title":"Axial shear rate: a hemorheological factor for erythrocyte aggregation under Womersley flow in an elastic vessel based on numerical simulation","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2772250","article-title":"Analysis of the Casson and Carreau-Yasuda non-Newtonian blood models in steady and oscillatory flows using the lattice Boltzmann method","volume":"19","author":"Boyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s40571-021-00441-x","article-title":"Resolved CFD-DEM simulation of blood flow with a reduced-order RBC model","volume":"9","author":"Balachandran Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computational Particle Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2014.06.006","article-title":"An immersed boundary\u2013lattice Boltzmann approach to study the dynamics of elastic membranes in viscous shear flows","volume":"5","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.07.020","article-title":"Red blood cell aggregation and dissociation in shear flows simulated by lattice Boltzmann method","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109081","article-title":"Unresolved RBCs: an upscaling strategy for the CFD-DEM simulation of blood flow with deformable cells","volume":"181","author":"Porcaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9775-1","article-title":"A particle dynamic model of red blood cell aggregation kinetics","volume":"37","author":"Fenech","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198201000-00005","article-title":"Effect of plasma proteins and temperature on echogenicity of blood","volume":"17","author":"Sigel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3277200","article-title":"Ultrasound characterization of red blood cell aggregation with intervening attenuating tissue-mimicking phantoms","volume":"127","author":"Franceschini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00067-8","article-title":"Ultrasonic backscattering from porcine whole blood of varying hematocrit and shear rate under pulsatile flow","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525016075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482525016075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:39:53Z","timestamp":1773301193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010482525016075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0010482525016075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatiotemporal blood viscosity by local hematocrit under pulsatile flow: Whole blood experiments and computational analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111253","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111253"}}