{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:05:55Z","timestamp":1779253555810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:00:43Z","timestamp":1773680443000},"page":"111617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Jigsaws soup: Improved laparoscopic surgical gesture classification, and skill level evaluation using model souping"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7554-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kade","family":"MacWilliams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Azzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6039-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9052","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)10032-5","article-title":"Laparoscopic surgery","volume":"349","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"S12","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/110241500750056553","article-title":"Costs and benefits of laparoscopic surgery\u2014a review of the literature","volume":"166","author":"J\u00f6nsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2012.0220","article-title":"2D versus 3D visualization: impact on laparoscopic proficiency using the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery skill set","volume":"22","author":"Tanagho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4189-7","article-title":"Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional vision in laparoscopy: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Dreier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0025","first-page":"1879","article-title":"Laparoscopic skills training","volume":"17","author":"Villegas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc. Interv. Tech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.026","article-title":"Development and validation of a pediatric laparoscopic surgery simulator","volume":"46","author":"Azzie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.12700\/APH.20.8.2023.8.8","article-title":"Enhancing skill assessment of autonomous robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery: a comprehensive analysis of global and gesture-level techniques applied on the JIGSAWS dataset","volume":"20","author":"Luk\u00e1cs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta. Polytech. Hung."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3180350","article-title":"Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery\u2014surgical robotics in the data age","volume":"110","author":"Haidegger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2021.3101646","article-title":"Accelerating surgical robotics research: a review of 10 years with the da vinci research kit","volume":"28","author":"D\u2019Ettorre","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0050","first-page":"195","article-title":"Training and assessment of laparoscopic skills","volume":"8","author":"Emken","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4293\/108680813X13693422521430","article-title":"Use of collapsible box trainer as a module for resident education","volume":"17","author":"Caban","year":"2013","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252609","article-title":"The development of laparoscopic skills using virtual reality simulations: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Taba","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0065","first-page":"65","article-title":"Role of laparoscopic simulators in the development and assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills in laparoscopic surgery and gynecology (review)","volume":"2","author":"Varras","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0070","series-title":"Modeling and Monitoring of Computer Assisted Interventions (M2CAI) \u2013 MICCAI Workshop","article-title":"The JHU-ISI gesture and skill assessment working set (JIGSAWS): a surgical activity dataset for human motion modeling","author":"Gao","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3054828","article-title":"Gesture recognition in robotic surgery: a review","volume":"68","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2647680","article-title":"A dataset and benchmarks for segmentation and recognition of gestures in robotic surgery","volume":"64","author":"Ahmidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0085","series-title":"Inter.Conf. on Smart Multimedia","article-title":"Sliding adaptive dynamic time warping for segment matching in surgical simulation data","author":"Cotton","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0090","series-title":"2025 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimizing sensor selection in laparoscopic simulators: lessons learned in a robotic platform","author":"MacWilliams","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0095","author":"Long"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0100","author":"Shi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01010-8","article-title":"A vision transformer for decoding surgeon activity from surgical videos","volume":"7","author":"Kiyasseh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.1664","article-title":"Evaluation of deep learning models for identifying surgical actions and measuring performance","volume":"3","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0115","series-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Vol. 8151 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science","first-page":"339","article-title":"Surgical gesture segmentation and recognition","author":"Tao","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0120","series-title":"2019 7th E-Health and Bioengineering Conference","article-title":"A novel distance for automated surgical skill evaluation","author":"Albasri","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0125","first-page":"273","article-title":"Objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for surgical residents","volume":"84","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26367-9","article-title":"Video-based formative and summative assessment of surgical tasks using deep learning","volume":"13","author":"Yanik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0135","author":"Quarez"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3242466","article-title":"Keep your eye on the best: contrastive regression transformer for skill assessment in robotic surgery","volume":"8","author":"Anastasiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0145","author":"Li"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-018-1735-5","article-title":"Automated surgical skill assessment in rmis training","volume":"13","author":"Zia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0155","author":"Wortsman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110189","article-title":"EEG-CNN-Souping: interpretable emotion recognition from EEG signals using EEG-CNN-souping model and explainable AI","volume":"123","author":"Chaudary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.07.002","article-title":"Model soups improve performance of dermoscopic skin cancer classifiers","volume":"173","author":"Maron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0170","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations","first-page":"174","article-title":"Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo disorders classification using eye tracking data","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0175","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"512","article-title":"What is being transferred in transfer learning?","volume":"vol. 33","author":"Neyshabur","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617_bib0180","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations","first-page":"174","article-title":"Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo disorders classification using eye tracking data","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482526001800?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482526001800?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:07:56Z","timestamp":1779250076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010482526001800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0010482526001800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Jigsaws soup: Improved laparoscopic surgical gesture classification, and skill level evaluation using model souping","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111617","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111617"}}