{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:45:49Z","timestamp":1774392349490,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP - I53C22001450006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP - I53C22001450006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE0000021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Chemical Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:49:15Z","timestamp":1772207355000},"page":"109611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Regime-aware unsupervised monitoring of microalgal photobioreactors via change-point detection and ensemble anomaly scoring"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Bartolomeo","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kusianovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Antonio","family":"Lutzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4034-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Concas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Torres-Aravena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Messineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Picone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7251-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cravotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catalina Valencia","family":"Peroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"D\u00edaz-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Soto-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0001","article-title":"Evolution of photobioreactors: a review based on microalgal perspective","volume":"1142","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0003","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cultivation of chlorella vulgaris in BG-11 media using Taguchi method","volume":"10","author":"Al-Rikabey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc5010001","article-title":"A review of local outlier factor algorithms for outlier detection in big data streams","volume":"5","author":"Alghushairy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0004","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2025.121945","article-title":"Hybrid modeling of photocatalytic contaminant degradation using nanomaterials synthesized with microalgal extracts","volume":"316","author":"Atzori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052844","article-title":"Unsupervised anomaly detection for IoT-based multivariate time series: existing solutions, performance analysis and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Belay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13082544","article-title":"A review of artificial intelligence applications for biorefineries and bioprocessing: from data-driven processes to optimization strategies and real-time control","volume":"13","author":"Butean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2478\/fcds-2025-0002","article-title":"Outlier ensemble based on Isolation Forest: the CBOEA approach","volume":"50","author":"Chaabouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Found. Comput. Decis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10219","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3144425","article-title":"An in-depth study and improvement of isolation forest","volume":"10","author":"Chabchoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020702","article-title":"An anomaly detection method for wireless sensor networks based on the improved Isolation Forest","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems","first-page":"161","article-title":"Outlier detection using isolation forest and local outlier factor","author":"Cheng","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4236\/cweee.2020.94012","article-title":"The growth factors involved in microalgae cultivation for biofuel production: a review","volume":"9","author":"Chowdury","year":"2020","journal-title":"CWEEE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13123860","article-title":"Novel process configuration of photobioreactor and supercritical water oxidation for energy production from Microalgae","volume":"13","author":"Cosenza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0014","article-title":"Advanced feature engineering and gradient boosting optimization for predicting Limnospira platensis growth dynamics under mixotrophic conditions using agro-industrial byproducts","volume":"93","author":"Cosenza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.3390\/app15137324","article-title":"Multi-sensing monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass cultivation Systems for biofuels and added value products synthesis\u2014Challenges and opportunities","volume":"15","author":"D\u0119bowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061050","article-title":"Comparative analysis of laboratory-based and spectroscopic methods used to estimate the algal density of chlorella vulgaris","volume":"12","author":"Fekete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052687","article-title":"Anomaly detection in biological early warning systems using unsupervised machine learning","volume":"23","author":"Grekov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0018","series-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R","author":"James","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0019","series-title":"2024 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of time series data with PELT algorithm for predictive maintenance in the flat steel industry","author":"Ka\u00e7ar","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104440","article-title":"Deep imputation of missing values in time series health data: a review with benchmarking","volume":"144","author":"Kazijevs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"issue":"500","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2012.737745","article-title":"Optimal detection of changepoints with a linear computational cost","volume":"107","author":"Killick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-023-02409-w","article-title":"Cultivation of microalgae-bacteria consortium by waste gas-wastewater to achieve CO2 fixation, wastewater purification and bioproducts production","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae004","article-title":"Automatic change-point detection in time series via deep learning","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B: Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122049","article-title":"ASE: anomaly scoring based ensemble learning for highly imbalanced datasets","volume":"238","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0027","series-title":"2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining","first-page":"413","article-title":"Isolation forest","author":"Liu","year":"2008"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17101765","article-title":"Advances in research and application of techniques for measuring photosynthetically active radiation","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0026","article-title":"Change point detection for FOGs scale factor test data using pruned exact linear time (PELT) algorithm","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2024.101046","article-title":"How to avoid machine learning pitfalls: a guide for academic researchers","volume":"5","author":"Lones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/w16010155","article-title":"Towards optimization of microalgae cultivation through monitoring and control in membrane photobioreactor systems","volume":"16","author":"Mora-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03256-4","article-title":"Non-invasive monitoring of microalgae cultivations using hyperspectral imager","volume":"36","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-023-02535-x","article-title":"A review on microalgal growth stress parameters for sustainable biofuel production","volume":"25","author":"Polat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13123764","article-title":"Recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence in microalgal cultivation","volume":"13","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2023.10.004","article-title":"Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors: sustainable solutions for a greener future","volume":"5","author":"Razzak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-023-09679-8","article-title":"Software sensors in the monitoring of microalgae cultivations","volume":"23","author":"Reyes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300725","article-title":"Recent advances and fundamentals of microalgae cultivation technology","volume":"19","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/stats7020028","article-title":"Multivariate time series changepoint detection with a novel Pearson-like scaled Bregman divergence","volume":"7","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stats"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-024-00120-7","article-title":"Data synchronization techniques and their impact on the prediction performance of automated recalibrated soft sensors in bioprocesses","volume":"29","author":"Siegl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2024.02.018","article-title":"Time-series data preprocessing: a survey and an empirical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tawakuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, C., Oudre, L., Vayatis, N., 2020. Selective review of offline change point detection methods. Signal process. 167, 107299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107299"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0040","first-page":"1518","article-title":"New efficient parameter and respective units for measurement of light irradiation availability in microalgae photobioreactors","volume":"17","author":"Tsioptsias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0041","unstructured":"Van den Burg, G.J., Williams, C.K., 2020. An evaluation of change point detection algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.06222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2003.06222."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010190","article-title":"A survey of deep anomaly detection in multivariate time series: taxonomy, applications, and directions","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2023.2235787","article-title":"Screening of best growth media for chlorella vulgaris cultivation and biodiesel production","volume":"15","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0043","article-title":"Overcoming challenges in microalgal bioprocessing through data-driven and computational approaches","volume":"61","author":"Yusof","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611_bib0045","series-title":"Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production","first-page":"31","article-title":"Microalgae cultivation and photobioreactor design","author":"Zhou","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Computers & Chemical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098135426000645?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098135426000645?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T21:33:20Z","timestamp":1774388000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0098135426000645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0098135426000645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regime-aware unsupervised monitoring of microalgal photobioreactors via change-point detection and ensemble anomaly scoring","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2026.109611","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109611"}}