{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:04:31Z","timestamp":1772859871636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004733","name":"University of Macau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T14:01:45Z","timestamp":1752588105000},"page":"105398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An exploratory process mining on students\u2019 complex problem-solving behavior: The distinct patterns and related factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0043-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5591-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40536-024-00202-1","article-title":"The use of process data in large-scale assessments: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Anghel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Large-Scale Assessments in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Factors predicting creative problem-solving competence in PISA 2012: Evidence from six countries","volume":"20","author":"Arikan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Croatian Journal of Education-Hrvatski Casopis Za Odgoj I Obrazovanje"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.18.010115","article-title":"Theoretical model and quantitative assessment of scientific thinking and reasoning","volume":"18","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physical Review Physics Education Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035727","article-title":"Does insight problem solving predict real-world creativity?","volume":"8","author":"Beaty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2013.876678","article-title":"Science learning: A path analysis of its links with reading comprehension, question-asking in class and science achievement","volume":"36","author":"Cano","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2025.101805","article-title":"Does ICT matter for complex problem-solving competency? A multilevel analysis of 33 countries and economies","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib7","series-title":"Regression analysis and linear models: Concepts, applications, and implementation","author":"Darlington","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmathb.2022.100965","article-title":"Recognizing, supporting, and improving student perseverance in mathematical problem-solving: The role of conceptual thinking scaffolds","volume":"66","author":"DiNapoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Mathematical Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01153","article-title":"Complex problem solving: What it is and what it is not","volume":"8","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12451","article-title":"Exploring behavioural patterns during complex problem-solving","volume":"36","author":"Eichmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-010-9329-5","article-title":"Researching students' strategies, episodes, and metacognitions in mathematical problem solving","volume":"46","author":"Erbas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7771\/1932-6246.1118","article-title":"The process of solving complex problems","volume":"4","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Problem Solving"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib13","series-title":"Complex problem solving","first-page":"3","article-title":"Definitions, traditions, and a general framework for understanding complex problem solving","author":"Frensch","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-009-0345-0","article-title":"Complex problem solving: A case for complex cognition?","volume":"11","author":"Funke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib15","first-page":"351","article-title":"pMineR: An innovative R library for performing process mining in medicine","volume":"10259","author":"Gatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Aime 2017"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.1986.9653026","article-title":"Problem-solving strategies","volume":"21","author":"Gick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2014.989263","article-title":"Assessing complex problem-solving skills with multiple complex systems","volume":"21","author":"Greiff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035426","article-title":"The computer-based assessment of complex problem solving and how it is influenced by students' information and communication technology literacy","volume":"106","author":"Greiff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.013","article-title":"Students' exploration strategies in computer-simulated complex problem environments: A latent class approach","volume":"126","author":"Greiff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.02.007","article-title":"Sometimes less is more: Comparing the validity of complex problem solving measures","volume":"50","author":"Greiff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.10.018","article-title":"Computer-generated log-file analyses as a window into students' minds? A showcase study based on the PISA 2012 assessment of problem solving","volume":"91","author":"Greiff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9956","article-title":"Excessive computer game playing:: Evidence for addiction and aggression?","volume":"10","author":"Gr\u00fcsser","year":"2007","journal-title":"CyberPsychology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104170","article-title":"Leveraging process data to assess adults' problem-solving skills: Using sequence mining to identify behavioral patterns across digital tasks","volume":"166","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105245","article-title":"A systematic review of the use of log-based process data in computer-based assessments","volume":"228","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108061","article-title":"Examining change in students' self-regulated learning patterns after a formative assessment using process mining techniques","volume":"152","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19977-1_13","article-title":"Identifying feature sequences from process data in problem-solving items with N-Grams","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quantitative Psychology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib27","series-title":"Learning analytics methods and tutorials: A practical guide using R","first-page":"381","article-title":"A modern approach to transition analysis and process mining with markov models in education","author":"Helske","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/08957347.2016.1209208","article-title":"Assessment of complex problem solving: What we know and what we don't know","volume":"29","author":"Herde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Measurement in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib29","series-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer Jr","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104680","article-title":"Using sequence mining to study students? Calculator use, problem solving, and mathematics achievement in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)","volume":"193","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2019.1604527","article-title":"Perseverance in solving Sudoku: Role of grit and cognitive flexibility in problem solving","volume":"31","author":"Kalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1201_1","article-title":"Dual-space search during scientific reasoning","volume":"12","author":"Klahr","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.5.524","article-title":"Studies of scientific discovery: Complementary approaches and convergent findings","volume":"125","author":"Klahr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence9010005","article-title":"Working memory, fluid reasoning, and complex problem solving: Different results explained by the Brunswik symmetry","volume":"9","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-013-9284-3","article-title":"Children's acquisition and use of the control-of-variables strategy: Effects of explicit and implicit instructional guidance","volume":"42","author":"Lazonder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017972","article-title":"Learning the control of variables strategy in higher and lower achieving classrooms: Contributions of explicit instruction and experimentation","volume":"102","author":"Lorch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.08.002","article-title":"Intelligence in action - Effective strategic behaviors while solving complex problems","volume":"64","author":"Lotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2022.101685","article-title":"G's little helpers - VOTAT and NOTAT mediate the relation between intelligence and complex problem solving","volume":"95","author":"Lotz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101408","article-title":"Understanding transitions in complex problem-solving: Why we succeed and where we fail","volume":"50","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib40","article-title":"Learning the control-of-variables strategy during an informal science lesson on popping popcorn","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2023.101793","article-title":"Unsuccessful and successful complex problem solvers - A log file analysis of complex problem solving strategies across multiple tasks","volume":"101","author":"Nicolay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106594","article-title":"Lost in transition - Learning analytics on the transfer from knowledge acquisition to knowledge application in complex problem solving","volume":"115","author":"Nicolay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib43","series-title":"PISA 2012 results: Creative problem solving: Students' skills in tackling real-life problems (Vol. V). PISA","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib44","series-title":"PISA 2012 Technical Report","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.122","article-title":"Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills - A cognitive-load approach","volume":"86","author":"Paas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1050435","article-title":"Understanding students' problem-solving patterns: Evidence from an allotted response time in a PISA 2012 item","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100451","article-title":"Rebooting assessment. Exploring the challenges and benefits of shifting from pen-and-paper to computer in summative assessment","volume":"36","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000799","article-title":"What skills related to the control-of-variables strategy need to be taught, and who gains Most? Differential effects of a training intervention","volume":"115","author":"Peteranderl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib49","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Assessing civil engineering students perceptions of their problem solving ability","volume":"35","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09845-6","article-title":"Learning mechanisms explaining learning with digital tools in educational settings: A cognitive process framework","volume":"36","author":"Reinhold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12649","article-title":"Domain-specific knowledge and domain-general abilities in children's science problem-solving","volume":"94","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40536-014-0010-7","article-title":"The acquisition of problem solving competence: Evidence from 41 countries that math and science education matters","volume":"2","author":"Scherer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Large-Scale Assessments in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2015.04.004","article-title":"The relations among openness, perseverance, and performance in creative problem solving: A substantive-methodological approach","volume":"18","author":"Scherer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000847","article-title":"Assessing skills of everyday technical problem solving","author":"Schrickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib55","series-title":"Process mining workshops Cham","article-title":"Visualizing trace variants from partially ordered event data","author":"Schuster","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.12.001","article-title":"Teaching the control-of-variables strategy: A meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Schwichow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib57","first-page":"18","article-title":"Prediction of digital problem-solving performance of the low-achievers of a high-performing economy in PISA 2012: Perseverance, openness and ICT use as quality education indicators","volume":"25","author":"Sit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Psychological and Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09624-7","article-title":"Understanding cognitive load in digital and online learning: A new perspective on extraneous cognitive load","volume":"34","author":"Skulmowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib59","series-title":"Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence7030015","article-title":"Computer-based collaborative problem solving in PISA 2015 and the role of personality","volume":"7","author":"Stadler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2018.11.003","article-title":"Differentiating between static and complex problems: A theoretical framework and its empirical validation","volume":"72","author":"Stadler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000559","article-title":"VOTAT in action","volume":"232","author":"Stadler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21844","article-title":"Do they have inquiry skill profiles? Exploring high school students' scientific inquiry in an animation-based activity","volume":"108","author":"Sui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09817-2","article-title":"The development of cognitive load theory: Replication crises and incorporation of other theories can lead to theory expansion","volume":"35","author":"Sweller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-023-10134-5","article-title":"Uncovering student strategies for solving scientific inquiry tasks: Insights from student process data in PISA","volume":"54","author":"Teig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21657","article-title":"Identifying patterns of students' performance on simulated inquiry tasks usingPISA2015 log-file data","volume":"57","author":"Teig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.916502","article-title":"Educational technology and student performance: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Valverde-Berrocoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib68","series-title":"Process mining: Data science in action","author":"van der Aalst","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002993406499","article-title":"An extended dual search space model of scientific discovery learning","volume":"25","author":"van Joolingen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101743","article-title":"Peeking at low versus high achievers' problem-solving processes in interactive tasks with multiple items","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2020.101502","article-title":"The moderating effect of prior knowledge on the relationship between intelligence and complex problem solving - Testing the Elshout-Raaheim hypothesis","volume":"83","author":"Weise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib72","series-title":"Reasonable mean-square fit values","author":"Wright","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2011.11.003","article-title":"Complex problem solving - More than reasoning?","volume":"40","author":"W\u00fcstenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2013.10.006","article-title":"Cross-national gender differences in complex problem solving and their determinants","volume":"29","author":"W\u00fcstenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"}],"container-title":["Computers & Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131525001666?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131525001666?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T12:32:39Z","timestamp":1755261159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131525001666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S0360131525001666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An exploratory process mining on students\u2019 complex problem-solving behavior: The distinct patterns and related factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105398"}}