{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:08:24Z","timestamp":1775045304028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:01:57Z","timestamp":1772308917000},"page":"105603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gaining tolerance of immigrants through simulating migratory experiences: Quasi-experimental evidence from secondary school classrooms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0941-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Al-Afifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Nygren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib1","article-title":"Attitudes towards immigrants among youth in Sweden","volume":"17","author":"Aamodt Bentsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6 Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/13.1.11","article-title":"The changing praxis of \u201cgenerosity\u201d: Swedish refugee policy during the 1990s","volume":"13","author":"Abiri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Refugee Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib3","series-title":"The complete guide to simulations and serious games: How the Most valuable content will be created in the age beyond gutenberg to google","author":"Aldrich","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00206-3","article-title":"Simulation-based education: Deceiving learners with good intent","volume":"7","author":"Alinier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2205894","article-title":"A systematic review of the use of simulation games in K-12 education","volume":"32","author":"Almaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878111432108","article-title":"Simulating REAL LIVES: Promoting global empathy and interest in learning through simulation games","volume":"43","author":"Bachen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Simulation & Gaming"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2015.1101038","article-title":"Civic play and civic gaps: Can life simulation games advance educational equity?","volume":"12","author":"Bachen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201848","article-title":"Virtual body ownership and its consequences for implicit racial bias are dependent on social context","volume":"7","author":"Banakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105210","article-title":"Learning to evaluate (mis)information in an online game: Strategies matter","volume":"227","author":"Barzilai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.17645\/si.v7i4.2317","article-title":"The influence of a migration background on attitudes towards immigration","volume":"7","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Inclusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib12","article-title":"Teaching about migration","volume":"20","author":"Blanck","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.003","article-title":"An update to the systematic literature review of empirical evidence of the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games","volume":"94","author":"Boyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00330","article-title":"Reducing outgroup bias through intergroup contact with non-playable video game characters in VR","volume":"27","author":"Breves","year":"2018","journal-title":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1177\/01979183241269445","article-title":"Why Do People Migrate? Fresh Takes on the Foundational Question of Migration Studies","volume":"58","author":"Carling","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Migration Review"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/13621025.2024.2418604","article-title":"Dreams of mass repatriation: Government and far-right expansions of deportability in Sweden","volume":"28","author":"Carlsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Citizenship Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2018.05.008","article-title":"What determines the rejection of immigrants through an integrative model","volume":"74","author":"Cea D\u2019Ancona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib17","article-title":"The effect of VR avatar embodiment on improving attitudes and closeness toward immigrants","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12404","article-title":"Comparing story reading and video watching as two distinct forms of vicarious contact: An experimental intervention among elementary school children","volume":"60","author":"Cocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2023.2186546","article-title":"A scoping review of video games and learning in secondary classrooms","volume":"56","author":"Cole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15050583","article-title":"A path out: Using video games to reduce prejudice towards refugees","volume":"15","author":"Cross","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2023.0591","article-title":"Does digital intergroup contact reduce prejudice? A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Da Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib23","series-title":"The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world","author":"De Haas","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib24","series-title":"Research design in social research","author":"De Vaus","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13335","article-title":"Using gamification to support learning in K\u201012 education: A systematic literature review","volume":"55","author":"Dehghanzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib26","first-page":"3","article-title":"Vicarious, extended and imagined intergroup contact: A review of interventions based on indirect contact strategies applied in educational settings","volume":"24","author":"Di Bernardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.70005","article-title":"Parental effect of higher education on attitudes towards immigrants: A family approach","author":"Donnaloja","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2023.2265576","article-title":"Which individual-level factors explain public attitudes toward immigration? A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Dra\u017eanov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.9235","article-title":"Sympathizing with the radical right: Effects of mainstream party recognition and control of prejudice","volume":"10","author":"Ekholm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Political Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/gp.2024.93045","article-title":"Public policy studies and research in the Arab world","volume":"5","author":"El-Mikawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib31","series-title":"The economic geography of cross-border migration","first-page":"573","article-title":"Migration in a post-global era","author":"Fielding","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib32","article-title":"Structured briefing: Towards meaningful learning experiences with simulation games","volume":"240","author":"Freese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-022-09688-5","article-title":"Reducing implicit prejudice towards migrants in fifth grade pupils: Efficacy of a multi-faceted school-based program","volume":"25","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.708","article-title":"Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism","volume":"78","author":"Galinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/10892680231152595","article-title":"How we understand others: A theory of how social perspective taking unfolds","volume":"27","author":"Gehlbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/07370008.2011.556832","article-title":"\u201cCould They Do It Differently?\u201d: Narrative and Argumentative Changes in Students\u2019 Writing Following Discussion of \u201cHot\u201d historical issues","volume":"29","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib37","article-title":"Can we work it out? Affordances and constraints for cultivating perspective\u2010taking in digital contexts","author":"Goldfarb Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2013.0071","article-title":"\u201cFair play\u201d: A videogame designed to address implicit race bias through active perspective taking","volume":"3","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Games for Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2024.1422364","article-title":"Political interest, political ideology, and attitudes toward immigration","volume":"6","author":"Hannuksela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Political Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib40","article-title":"How anti-immigration views were articulated in Sweden during and after 2015","volume":"21","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malm\u00f6 University, Malm\u00f6 Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2018.1563038","article-title":"The (non)effect of joint construction in a genre-based approach to teaching writing","volume":"112","author":"Hermansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411409025","article-title":"Do ideologically intolerant people benefit from intergroup contact?","volume":"20","author":"Hodson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib43","series-title":"\u2018Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants Sweden country profile \u2013 Second edition\u2019","author":"Holloway","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105327","article-title":"Exploring learning effectiveness of integrating mixed reality in educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"234","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib45","series-title":"International civic and citizenship education study 2022","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-021-00231-7","article-title":"How does immigration affect anti-immigrant sentiment, and who is affected most? A longitudinal analysis of the UK and Japan cases","volume":"9","author":"Igarashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comparative Migration Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2509","article-title":"How the interplay of imagined contact and first\u2010person narratives improves attitudes toward stigmatized immigrants: A conditional process model","volume":"49","author":"Igartua","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.01.006","article-title":"Allport meets internet: A meta-analytical investigation of online intergroup contact and prejudice reduction","volume":"81","author":"Imperato","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teaching tolerance in a globalized world: An introduction","volume":"Vol. 4","author":"Isac","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2012.640007","article-title":"The effect of classroom diversity on tolerance and participation in England, Sweden and Germany","volume":"38","author":"Janmaat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using intersectional representation & embodied identification in standard video game play to reduce societal biases","volume":"2","author":"Jarrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.23.7.3","article-title":"Effects of computer simulations, attitudes towards chemistry and prior knowledge on students\u2019 academic achievement in chemistry","volume":"23","author":"Jere","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980023001684","article-title":"Unhealthy weight among young children in the Middle East and North African region","volume":"26","author":"Jones-Antwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/678388","article-title":"Dual allegiances? Immigrants\u2019 attitudes toward immigration","volume":"77","author":"Just","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1515\/commun-2018-2007","article-title":"Interpersonal discussions and immigration attitudes","volume":"44","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-024-00370-7","article-title":"Anti-immigrant backlash: The democratic dilemma for immigration policy","volume":"12","author":"Kapelner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comparative Migration Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027525","article-title":"Changing beliefs and behavior through experience-taking","volume":"103","author":"Kaufman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib59","series-title":"Centering learning theory in the design and study of social studies-themed simulation games: A three-part study","author":"Kessner","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878118762534","article-title":"On the architecture of game science","volume":"49","author":"Klabbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Simulation & Gaming"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2023.102225","article-title":"Video games and attitude change: A meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Kolek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878108319867","article-title":"A systemic-constructivist approach to the facilitation and debriefing of simulations and games","volume":"41","author":"Kriz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Simulation & Gaming"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.6115\/her.2025.031","article-title":"Effects of a game-based empathy education program linked to the sustainable development goals: Utilizing the RealLives simulation game","volume":"63","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Human Ecology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.10.040","article-title":"A meta-analysis with examination of moderators of student cognition, affect, and learning outcomes while using serious educational games, serious games, and simulations","volume":"80","author":"Lamb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib65","series-title":"Applied pedagogies for higher education: Real world learning and innovation across the curriculum","first-page":"187","article-title":"Real world learning: Simulation and gaming","author":"Lean","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.05.035","article-title":"How prior knowledge affects problem-solving performance in a medical simulation game: Using game-logs and eye-tracking","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.100928","article-title":"Video games for good: Active perspective-taking fosters empathy and reduces implicit bias toward gendered violence victims","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Entertainment Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2168","article-title":"Prejudice-reduction in culturally mixed classrooms: The development and assessment of a theory-driven prejudice-reduction intervention among majority and minority youth in Finland","volume":"24","author":"Liebkind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12505","article-title":"Improving outgroup attitudes in schools: First steps toward a teacher\u2010led vicarious contact intervention","volume":"60","author":"Liebkind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15554120231202175","article-title":"The proteus effect: Overview, reflection, and recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Games and Culture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib71","first-page":"1","article-title":"How the radical right reshapes public opinion: The Sweden democrats\u2019 local mobilisation, 2002\u20132020","author":"Loxbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-018-9478-0","article-title":"Residential segregation of European and non-european migrants in Sweden: 1990\u20132012","volume":"34","author":"Malmberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Population"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuliffe, M. and L.A. Oucho, 2024. Report overview: Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world, but key challenges remain. In McAuliffe, M. and L.A. Oucho (eds.), 2024. World Migration Report 2024. (pp. 1-14). International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva.","DOI":"10.1002\/wom3.33"},{"issue":"177","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20414","article-title":"All together now: Cooperative classroom climate and the development of youth attitudes toward immigrants","volume":"2021","author":"Miklikowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2022.2032502","article-title":"A little more conversation A little less prejudice: The role of classroom political discussions for youth\u2019s attitudes toward immigrants","volume":"39","author":"Miklikowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430213510573","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Miles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124117729691","article-title":"Measurement invariance in comparing attitudes toward immigrants among youth across Europe in 1999 and 2009: The alignment method applied to IEA CIVED and ICCS","volume":"47","author":"Munck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib77","article-title":"Nationella prov i samh\u00e4llskunskap 2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skolverket"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib78","series-title":"ICCS 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib79","series-title":"Teknisk bilaga ICCS 2022 \u2013 Urval och metod","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2022.2143162","article-title":"A tale of two logics: How solidarity and threat perceptions shape immigrant attitudes towards immigration in Western Europe","volume":"47","author":"Neureiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167219830415","article-title":"The complex relation between receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit and political ideology","volume":"45","author":"Nilsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.36923\/jicc.v23i4.140","article-title":"Intergroup contact, perceived attitudes, and immigrants\u2019 attitudes towards locals: The case of immigrants living in Finland","volume":"23","author":"Nshom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intercultural Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20004508.2025.2558407","article-title":"Boosting fact-checking in the classroom: verifying war photos and the pitfalls of overconfidence in education against disinformation","author":"Nygren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Education Inquiry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000439","article-title":"Negativity bias in intergroup contact: Meta-analytical evidence that bad is stronger than good, especially when people have the opportunity and motivation to opt out of contact","volume":"150","author":"Paolini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2121052","article-title":"Can a video game with a fictional minority group decrease intergroup biases towards non-fictional minorities? A social neuroscience study","volume":"40","author":"Pech","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819874472","article-title":"Game perspective-taking effects on willingness to help immigrants: A replication study with a Spanish sample","volume":"22","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","article-title":"A study of how immersion and interactivity drive VR learning","volume":"179","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory","volume":"90","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib88","series-title":"When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312041004963","article-title":"It\u2019s not written here, but this is what happened: Students\u2019 cultural comprehension of textbook narratives on the Israeli-Arab conflict","volume":"41","author":"Porat","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2019.1623698","article-title":"Avatar characteristics induce users\u2019 behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: A meta-analysis of the proteus effect","volume":"23","author":"Ratan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2018.1502384","article-title":"Accounting for student attrition in power calculations: Benchmarks and guidance","volume":"11","author":"Rickles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x","article-title":"Sources of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Europe: A multi-level analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rustenbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Migration Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib93","series-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib94","series-title":"Advances in religious and cultural studies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-7283-2.ch011","article-title":"Understanding and facing migration through stories for influence: In I","author":"Salmon","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105214","article-title":"Virtual vs. traditional learning in higher education: A systematic review of comparative studies","volume":"227","author":"Santilli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2023.102465","article-title":"The impact of natives\u2019 attitudes on refugee integration","volume":"87","author":"Schilling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib97","unstructured":"Schulzke, M. (2012). Using Video Games to Think About Distributive Justice. The Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy, (2). https:\/\/jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/using-video-games-to-think-about-distributive-justice\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib98","series-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference","author":"Shadish","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01685","article-title":"Imagined intergroup physical contact improves attitudes toward immigrants","volume":"9","author":"Shamloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib100","series-title":"Statistikmyndigheten SCB","article-title":"Invandring till sverige","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000210","article-title":"Playing well with others: The role of opponent and intergroup anxiety in the reduction of prejudice through collaborative video game play","volume":"9","author":"Stiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Popular Media"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib102","series-title":"Good research practice 2024","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib103","first-page":"374","article-title":"Exploring the user-avatar relationship in videogames: A systematic review of the proteus effect","volume":"38","author":"Szolin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33592","article-title":"Eliciting debriefing experiences: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270748","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in studying prejudice and its reduction: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Tassinari","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/10892680211046517","article-title":"Intergroup contact and prejudice reduction: Prospects and challenges in changing youth attitudes","volume":"26","author":"Tropp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2017.10.002","article-title":"Improving outgroup attitudes in schools: A meta-analytic review","volume":"67","author":"\u00dclger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib108","series-title":"Analysis of findings","article-title":"UNESCO survey on intercultural dialogue 2017","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2017.1384135","article-title":"Push-pull plus: Reconsidering the drivers of migration","volume":"44","author":"Van Hear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib110","series-title":"Multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices","author":"Vertovec","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2014.982948","article-title":"Improving intergroup relations with extended and vicarious forms of indirect contact","volume":"25","author":"Vezzali","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20621","article-title":"Indirect contact through book reading: Improving adolescents\u2019 attitudes and behavioral intentions toward immigrants","volume":"49","author":"Vezzali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09787-6","article-title":"Video games and literacy learning: Exploring the research on serious and entertainment games","volume":"30","author":"Von Gillern","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssr.2014.10.001","article-title":"Beyond the \u201cbabel problem\u201d: Defining simulations for the social studies","volume":"39","author":"Wright-Maley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social Studies Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2023.2193145","article-title":"Anti-immigrant attitudes: The role of casual intergroup contact in perceived group threat","volume":"23","author":"Yaylac\u0131","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x","article-title":"The proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior","volume":"33","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260902849943","article-title":"The difference between being and seeing: The relative contribution of self-perception and priming to behavioral changes via digital self-representation","volume":"12","author":"Yee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-021-02241-0","article-title":"Enfacing a female reduces the gender-science stereotype in males","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104697","article-title":"Information and digital technology-assisted interventions to improve intercultural competence: A meta-analytical review","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13420-z","article-title":"Exploring the impact of generative artificial intelligence on students\u2019 learning outcomes: A meta-analysis","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40536-024-00206-x","article-title":"Measuring and explaining political tolerance among adolescents: Insights from the international civic and citizenship education Study 2016","volume":"12","author":"Ziemes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Large-Scale Assessments in Education"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131526000412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131526000412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:09:25Z","timestamp":1775041765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131526000412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S0360131526000412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gaining tolerance of immigrants through simulating migratory experiences: Quasi-experimental evidence from secondary school classrooms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105603","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105603"}}