{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1780988856305,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:41:50Z","timestamp":1778244110000},"page":"105657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cognitive process grouping on students\u2019 mathematical creative problem solving: Evidence from clustering analysis, lag sequence analysis, and hidden Markov model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2637-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000194","article-title":"Problem finding and creativity: A meta-analytic review","volume":"14","author":"Abdulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib2","series-title":"Handbook of organizational creativity","first-page":"93","article-title":"Creative abilities: Divergent thinking","author":"Acar","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000256","article-title":"What should people be told when they take a divergent thinking test? A meta-analytic review of explicit instructions for divergent thinking","volume":"14","author":"Acar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.45.2.357","article-title":"The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization","volume":"45","author":"Amabile","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40536-024-00202-1","article-title":"The use of process data in large-scale assessments: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Anghel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Large-Scale Assessments in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025210","article-title":"How divergent thinking tests mislead us: Are the Torrance tests still relevant in the 21st century? The division 10 debate","volume":"5","author":"Baer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21505\/ajge.2021.0013","article-title":"The role of teachers' implementation of the real Engagement in active problem solving (REAPS) model in developing creative problem solving in mathematics","volume":"30","author":"Bahar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Gifted Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib8","series-title":"Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis","author":"Bakeman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib9","first-page":"3","article-title":"The state of educational data mining in 2009: A review and future visions","volume":"1","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Data Mining"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.05.083","article-title":"A review of educational data mining trends","volume":"237","author":"Barbeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858-024-01568-w","article-title":"Strategies for solving multiplicative problems using a conceptual model-based problem-solving approach. A case study with a student with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"56","author":"Bruno","year":"2024","journal-title":"ZDM-Mathematics Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib12","article-title":"Profile of students' creative thinking in solving mathematics problems in terms of gender","volume":"1796","author":"Cahyono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101670","article-title":"Fostering meta-moral cognitive skills among pre-service teachers using creative problem-solving processes","volume":"54","author":"Cheruvalath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib14","series-title":"A first course in factor analysis","author":"Comrey","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib15","series-title":"Creativity in education & learning: A guide for teachers and educators","author":"Cropley","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12459","article-title":"Creativity in mathematics performance: The role of divergent and convergent thinking","volume":"92","author":"de Vink","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib17","series-title":"Scale development: Theory and applications","author":"DeVellis","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2015.1087235","article-title":"The contribution of personality traits, motivation, academic risk-taking and metacognition to the creative ability in mathematics","volume":"27","author":"Erbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib19","series-title":"Innovating assessments to measure and support complex skills","article-title":"Uses of process data in advancing the practice and science of technology-rich assessments","author":"Ercikan","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib20","series-title":"Advanced mathematical thinking","first-page":"42","article-title":"Mathematical creativity","author":"Ervynck","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1348\/000709904X23411","article-title":"The effect of peer collaboration on children's problem-solving ability","volume":"75","author":"Fawcett","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007469218079","article-title":"The hierarchical hidden Markov model: Analysis and applications","volume":"32","author":"Fine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327833mtl0801_2","article-title":"The mathematical modeling of structural engineers","volume":"8","author":"Gainsburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mathematical Thinking and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504515","article-title":"Scaffolding students' problem-solving processes in an ill-structured task using question prompts and peer interactions","volume":"51","author":"Ge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2023.2254573","article-title":"The process definition of creativity","volume":"36","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib26","article-title":"The effect of 3C's on students' interest and problem solving skills in mathematics","author":"Gumaling","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib27","article-title":"The role of information search in creative problem solving","volume":"14","author":"Harms","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib28","series-title":"Creative problem solving: A step-by-step approach","author":"Harris","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367914","article-title":"A framework for assessing mathematical creativity in school children","volume":"18","author":"Haylock","year":"1987","journal-title":"Educational Studies in Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104170","article-title":"Leveraging process data to assess adults' problem-solving skills: Using sequence mining to identify behavioral patterns across digital tasks","volume":"166","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12748","article-title":"Clustering sequential navigation patterns in multiple-source reading tasks with dynamic time warping method","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1353271","article-title":"From growth and fixed creative mindsets to creative thinking: An investigation of the mediating role of creativity motivation","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.11.139","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithms: A comprehensive review, variants analysis, and advances in the era of big data","volume":"622","author":"Ikotun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib34","series-title":"Creative approaches to problem solving: A framework for innovation and change (Third)","author":"Isaksen","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104680","article-title":"Using sequence mining to study students' calculator use, problem solving, and mathematics achievement in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)","volume":"193","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating mathematics curriculum reform: Teachers' efforts and implementation challenges","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Curriculum Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858-012-0467-1","article-title":"Connecting mathematical creativity to mathematical ability","volume":"45","author":"Kattou","year":"2013","journal-title":"ZDM-Mathematics Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/026142940301800206","article-title":"Development of mathematical creative problem solving ability test for identification of the gifted in math","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gifted Education International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib40","author":"Kodinariya"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib41","series-title":"Complex problem solving","first-page":"201","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving","author":"Krems","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03036784","article-title":"Cultivating divergent thinking in mathematics through an open-ended approach","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103674","article-title":"The potential of temporal analysis: Combining log data and lag sequential analysis to investigate temporal differences between scaffolded and non-scaffolded group inquiry-based learning processes","volume":"143","author":"L\u00e4ms\u00e4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib44","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility training for impact in real-world settings","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib45","series-title":"Creativity and innovation","article-title":"Creative problem-solving","author":"Lee","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858-012-0460-8","article-title":"Mathematical creativity in generally gifted and mathematically excelling adolescents: What makes the difference?","volume":"45","author":"Leikin","year":"2013","journal-title":"ZDM: The International Journal on Mathematics Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5","article-title":"Investigating behavior patterns of students during online self-directed learning through process mining","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12271-w","article-title":"Estimation of individuals' collaborative problem solving ability in computer-based assessment","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib49","series-title":"Problem solving in mathematics education","author":"Liljedahl","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/02614294221149478","article-title":"Creative problem-solving ability does not occur by chance: Examining the dynamic system model of creative problem solving ability","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gifted Education International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000790","article-title":"Process data in computer-based assessment","volume":"39","author":"Lindner","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2025.2586536","article-title":"Modeling hidden states in learning: A hidden Markov model approach to stealth assessment for problem solving in computational thinking","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101277","article-title":"Convergent thinking and insight problem solving relate to semantic memory network structure","volume":"48","author":"Luchini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib54","series-title":"The uses of process data in large-scale educational assessments","author":"Maddox","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2022.2131209","article-title":"Automatic assessment of mathematical creativity using natural language processing","volume":"35","author":"Marrone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence9010010","article-title":"Mathematical creativity in adults: Its measurement and its relation to intelligence, mathematical competence and general creativity","volume":"9","author":"Meier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2024.102473","article-title":"The prediction of mathematical creativity scores: Mathematical abilities, personality and creative self-beliefs","volume":"113","author":"Meier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib58","series-title":"Compulsory education mathematics curriculum standards (2022 edition","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326934crj0901_6","article-title":"Process-based measures of creative problem-solving skills: I. problem construction","volume":"9","author":"Mumford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.197","article-title":"Creative thinking processes: The past and the future","volume":"51","author":"Mumford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Creative Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419109534380","article-title":"Process analytic models of creative capacities","volume":"4","author":"Mumford","year":"1991","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib62","series-title":"Flexible and focused: Teaching executive function skills to individuals with autism and attention disorders","first-page":"57","article-title":"Problem solving, time management, and planning","author":"Najdowski","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726712446015","article-title":"A comparison of self-ratings and non-self-report measures of employee creativity","volume":"65","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib64","series-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib65","series-title":"PISA 2021 creative thinking framework","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07380569.2024.2416422","article-title":"Exploring mathematical problem-solving through process mining: Insights from large-scale assessment log data","author":"Ogut","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in the Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2022.2134656","article-title":"The contribution of openness and intellect to the examination of the idea generation and selection processes: An exploration with business students","volume":"35","author":"Puente-Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.505","article-title":"Idea generation, selection, and evaluation: A metacognitive approach","volume":"55","author":"Puente-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Creative Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02231","article-title":"Data mining techniques in analyzing process data: A didactic","volume":"9","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.01.043","article-title":"PDBI: A partitioning Davies-Bouldin index for clustering evaluation","volume":"528","author":"Ros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182466","article-title":"Placebo can enhance creativity","volume":"12","author":"Rozenkrantz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101840","article-title":"How problem identification strategies influence creativity outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2012.652929","article-title":"Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential","volume":"24","author":"Runco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326934crj1803_5","article-title":"Developmental variation in children's creative mathematical thinking as a function of schooling, age, and knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Sak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.361","article-title":"Mathematical creativity: A combination of domain-general creative and domain-specific mathematical skills","volume":"54","author":"Schoevers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Creative Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2021.14330a","article-title":"Effectiveness of problem-based learning combined with computer simulation on students' problem-solving and creative thinking skills","volume":"14","author":"Simanjuntak","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Instruction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4219\/jsge-2005-389","article-title":"Are giftedness and creativity synonyms in mathematics","volume":"17","author":"Sriraman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Secondary Gifted Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12847","article-title":"20 years of interactive tasks in large-scale assessments: Process data as a way towards sustainable change?","volume":"39","author":"Stadler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib79","series-title":"Mathematics and democracy: The case for quantitative literacy","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101019","article-title":"Assessment of mathematical creative thinking: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Suherman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104274","article-title":"An examination of the use of computer-based formative assessments","volume":"173","author":"Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000450","article-title":"Construction and validation of a computerized creativity assessment tool with automated scoring based on deep-learning techniques","volume":"18","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2013.47084","article-title":"Students' metacognitive strategies in the mathematics classroom using open approach","volume":"4","author":"Suriyon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib84","series-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib85","series-title":"A study on intelligent assessment of mathematical creative problem solving ability in junior school students [Doctoral dissertation, Beijing Normal University]","author":"Tan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2025.105398","article-title":"An exploratory process mining on students' complex problem-solving behavior: The distinct patterns and related factors","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2026.102244","article-title":"An evidence-centered design approach to developing and validating a computer-based assessment of mathematical creative problem solving","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib87","article-title":"Progress and future prospect of mathematics education reform based on core competencies: An interview with professor Shi Ningzhong from Northeast normal University","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Southwest University"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib88","series-title":"Analyses of attribute patterns of mathematical creative problem-solving ability in 6th grade students","author":"Teseo","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11030054","article-title":"Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration: Assessment, certification, and promotion of 21st century skills for the future of work and education","volume":"11","author":"Thornhill-Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1946565","article-title":"Impact of cultural diversity on students' learning behavioral patterns in open and online courses: A lag sequential analysis approach","volume":"31","author":"Tlili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib91","series-title":"Creative problem solving: An introduction","author":"Treffinger","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2007.11.007","article-title":"Understanding individual problem-solving style: A key to learning and applying creative problem solving","volume":"18","author":"Treffinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105031","article-title":"ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: An experimental study","volume":"215","author":"Urban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101345","article-title":"How can we measure metacognition in creative problem-solving? Standardization of the MCPS scale","volume":"49","author":"Urban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2023.101823","article-title":"Creative problem solving in primary school students","volume":"88","author":"Van Hooijdonk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/569\/5\/052024","article-title":"An improved index for clustering validation based on Silhouette index and Calinski-Harabasz index","volume":"569","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2011.545713","article-title":"Can traditional divergent thinking tests be trusted in measuring and predicting real-world creativity?","volume":"23","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-023-00788-0","article-title":"Unlocking the creative potential of Chinese new liberal arts: The role of interdisciplinary education, knowledge integration, and metacognitive awareness","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2","article-title":"Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview","volume":"41","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory into Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000748","article-title":"Process and product in computer-based assessments: Clearing the ground for a holistic validity framework","volume":"39","author":"Zumbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131526000965?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131526000965?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:41:13Z","timestamp":1780987273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131526000965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0360131526000965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitive process grouping on students\u2019 mathematical creative problem solving: Evidence from clustering analysis, lag sequence analysis, and hidden Markov model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105657","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105657"}}