{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:59:22Z","timestamp":1780765162524,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Electrical Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:37:26Z","timestamp":1778582246000},"page":"111228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adaptive IRS configuration in LEO satellite communication systems: Integration of deep learning with beamforming"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Ali Hussein","family":"Radhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Mohassel Feghhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Balafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208","article-title":"6G wireless networks: vision, requirements, architecture, and key technologies","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0002","first-page":"2294","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based adaptive beam tracking and resource allocation in 6G vehicular networks with switched beam antennas","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3196119","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface-aided LEO satellite communication: cooperative passive beamforming and distributed channel estimation","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3210648","article-title":"Deep learning-aided 6G wireless networks: a comprehensive survey of revolutionary PHY architectures","volume":"3","author":"Ozpoyraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001076","article-title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G systems: principles, applications, and research directions","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12571","article-title":"A survey on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: wireless communication perspective","volume":"17","author":"Hassouna","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0007","first-page":"128837","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40587-7","article-title":"Performance analysis of channel estimation techniques for IRS assisted MIMO","volume":"13","author":"Baye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad164","article-title":"Metasurfaces: physics and applications in wireless communications","volume":"10","author":"Ataloglou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/e24030326","article-title":"Robust beamforming based on graph attention networks for IRS-assisted satellite IoT communications","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3083267","article-title":"Deep learning-based channel prediction for LEO satellite massive MIMO communication system","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0012","article-title":"Deep learning based enhanced hybrid beamforming using RSSI signals in MIMO systems, e-Prime - advances in electrical engineering","volume":"9","author":"Abir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electron Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3378605","article-title":"Hybrid IRS-assisted secure satellite downlink communications: a fast deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"8","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2023.3339819","article-title":"Channel estimation for intelligent reflecting surface aided communication via graph transformer","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0231597","article-title":"Comparison of hybrid deep learning models for estimation of the time-dependent scour depth downstream of river training structures","volume":"36","author":"Azma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3558504","article-title":"Graph Neural Network-Based Active and Passive Beamforming for Distributed STAR-RIS-Assisted Multi-User MISO Systems,\" in","volume":"73","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0017","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning for Communication and Networking (ICMLCN)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Distributed Satellite Routing","author":"Lozano-Cuadra","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rio.2024.100765","article-title":"Enhancing satellite networks with deep reinforcement learning: a focus on IoT connectivity and dynamic resource management","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0019","first-page":"348","article-title":"Deep learning algorithm for predicting various retail store sales using LSTM and ARIMA","volume":"6","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dijlah J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20249700103","article-title":"Efficient image annotation and caption system using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"97","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.22201\/icat.24486736e.2024.22.2.2269","article-title":"Modern techniques in detecting, identifying and classifying fruits according to the developed machine learning algorithm","volume":"22","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0022","series-title":"2022 13th international symposium on communication systems, networks and digital signal processing (CSNDSP)","first-page":"314","article-title":"An overview of intelligent reflecting surfaces for future wireless systems","author":"Gashtasbi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2936025","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network via joint active and passive beamforming","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wirel Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0024","series-title":"Antenna theory: analysis and design","author":"Balanis","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0025","article-title":"Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space telecommunication systems","volume":"ITU-R,","author":"Series","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recommendation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27846","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901710","article-title":"Deep learning-based channel prediction in realistic vehicular communications","volume":"7","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1109\/25.289418","article-title":"The land mobile satellite communication channel-recording, statistics, and channel model","volume":"40","author":"Lutz","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"}],"container-title":["Computers and Electrical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045790626003009?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045790626003009?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1780761919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045790626003009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S0045790626003009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-7906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-7906","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adaptive IRS configuration in LEO satellite communication systems: Integration of deep learning with beamforming","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2026.111228","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111228"}}