{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:23:23Z","timestamp":1783124603780,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202106270030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106270030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOFCHN2021001101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOFCHN2021001101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000811","name":"European Institute of Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011878","name":"Vlaamse regering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:05:24Z","timestamp":1778763924000},"page":"102454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Modeling adolescents\u2019 perception of cycling safety: A new approach using graph neural networks and street view imagery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Biljecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Van de Weghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8399-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haosheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.03.003","article-title":"Cycling injury risk in London: A case-control study exploring the impact of cycle volumes, motor vehicle volumes, and road characteristics including speed limits","volume":"117","author":"Aldred","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5962\/p.251099","article-title":"Sustainable trees for sustainable cities","volume":"53","author":"Arnold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arnoldia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.16997\/ats.1003","article-title":"Safety perceptions and cycling frequency of highly educated young people who grew up in different mobility cultures","volume":"1","author":"Basaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Active Travel Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/17489725.2022.2107245","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with perceived cycling safety along adolescents\u2019 home-to-school routes","volume":"16","author":"Benoit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Location Based Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104217","article-title":"Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review","volume":"215","author":"Biljecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b6","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Does experience affect perceived risk of cycling hazards","author":"Bill","year":"2015","journal-title":"STAR (Scottish Transport Applications Research)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.11.006","article-title":"The power of perceptions: Exploring the role of urban design in cycling behaviours and healthy ageing","volume":"4","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3390\/su10062031","article-title":"Green city concept and a method to measure green city performance over time applied to fifty cities globally: Influence of GDP, population size and energy efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Brilhante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103541","article-title":"Applying machine learning and google street view to explore effects of drivers\u2019 visual environment on traffic safety","volume":"135","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105246","article-title":"A novel method of urban landscape perception based on biological vision process","volume":"254","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.09.005","article-title":"Cyclists and drivers in road interactions: A comparison of perceived crash risk","volume":"50","author":"Chaurand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b13","article-title":"XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornell University"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b14","series-title":"Interpreting core forms of urban morphology linked to urban functions with explainable graph neural network","author":"Chen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2025.105359","article-title":"Perception of urban street visual color environment based on the CEP-KASS framework","volume":"259","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.008","article-title":"The role of the built environment in explaining relationships between perceived and actual pedestrian and bicyclist safety","volume":"41","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b18","series-title":"Understanding perception of cycling safety from street-view images: uncovering non-linear effects of urban factors","author":"Costa","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103537","article-title":"Analysing gender differences in the perceived safety from street view imagery","volume":"124","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03387","article-title":"Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN","volume":"433","author":"Dacey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b21","first-page":"301","article-title":"Urban complexity: toward the measurement of the physical complexity of street-scapes","author":"Elsheshtawy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b22","series-title":"Ghent\u2019s approach to sustainable mobility planning: Aligning regional and city-level SUMPs","author":"E.U. Urban Mobility Observatory","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b23","series-title":"Road safety: European commission sets out next steps towards \u201dvision zero\u201d, including key performance indicators","author":"European Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13574800802451155","article-title":"Measuring the unmeasurable: Urban design qualities related to walkability","volume":"14","author":"Ewing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102253","article-title":"Coverage and bias of street view imagery in mapping the urban environment","volume":"117","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding cyclists\u2019 perceptions, keys for a successful bicycle promotion","volume":"63","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Heredia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.10.004","article-title":"Identifying the determinants and understanding their effect on the perception of safety, security, and comfort by pedestrians and cyclists: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.09.012","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 perceived safety on intersections and roundabouts\u2013a qualitative bicycle simulator study","volume":"87","author":"Friel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b29","article-title":"Decoding the impact of audiovisual street environment features on cycling volumes: Insights from street view imagery and machine learning","volume":"199","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105573","article-title":"Pedaling through the cityscape: Unveiling the association of urban environment and cycling volume through street view imagery analysis","volume":"156","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b31","unstructured":"Garcin, F., Xia, L., & Faltings, B. (2013). How aggregators influence human rater behavior. In Proc. workshop@ 14th ACM conference on electronic commerce (EC-13) (pp. 1\u201312)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916584161001","article-title":"Cognitive mapping of large-scale environments: The interrelationship of action plans, acquisition, and orientation","volume":"16","author":"Garling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b33","series-title":"2012 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"3354","article-title":"Are we ready for autonomous driving? the kitti vision benchmark suite","author":"Geiger","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103237","article-title":"Gendered perceptions of cycling safety and on-street bicycle infrastructure: bridging the gap","volume":"105","author":"Graystone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2025.105368","article-title":"Designing effective image-based surveys for urban visual perception","volume":"260","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.02.012","article-title":"Modelling people\u2019s perceived scene complexity of real-world environments using street-view panoramas and open geodata","volume":"186","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113457","article-title":"A partial prior knowledge framework to discover the cycling visual environment coupling street view images and shared bike trajectory using deep learning","volume":"165","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.06.006","article-title":"Assessment model for perceived visual complexity of painting images","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b39","article-title":"Inductive representation learning on large graphs","volume":"30","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107400","article-title":"Towards safer streets: A framework for unveiling pedestrians\u2019 perceived road safety using street view imagery","volume":"195","author":"Hamim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.05.007","article-title":"Effects of skeletal streetscape design on perceived safety","volume":"142","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2014.07.008","article-title":"Public attitudes to and perceptions of high speed rail in the UK","volume":"36","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1547463","article-title":"A comparison of cycling cultures in stockholm and copenhagen","volume":"14","author":"Haustein","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/00139160021972658","article-title":"Tall buildings and the urban skyline: The effect of visual complexity on preferences","volume":"32","author":"Heath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2022.3187455","article-title":"Graphlime: Local interpretable model explanations for graph neural networks","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.treng.2024.100240","article-title":"Safety and bicycle route choice: To what extent do accident risk and perceived safety influence bicycle route choice?","volume":"18","author":"Huber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103371","article-title":"Assessing bikeability with street view imagery and computer vision","volume":"132","author":"Ito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105169","article-title":"Understanding urban perception with visual data: A systematic review","volume":"152","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b49","series-title":"GeoAI: spatially explicit artificial intelligence techniques for geographic knowledge discovery and beyond","author":"Janowicz","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b50","series-title":"Onderzoek verplaatsingsgedrag vlaanderen 5.5 (2019\u20132020) tabellenrapport","author":"Janssens","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3141\/2031-06","article-title":"Pedestrian and bicyclist level of service on roadway segments","volume":"2031","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106544","article-title":"Effects of audio-visual interactions on soundscape and landscape perception and their influence on satisfaction with the urban environment","volume":"169","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2025.101071","article-title":"Street matters: Linking perceived street environment to older adults\u2019 bike-sharing","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Travel Behaviour and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2023.104768","article-title":"Assessing differences in safety perceptions using geoai and survey across neighbourhoods in stockholm, Sweden","volume":"236","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b55","first-page":"10","article-title":"Statistical analysis of pedestrian perceptions of sidewalk level of service in the presence of bicycles","volume":"53","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272074","article-title":"The impact of visual complexity on perceived safety and comfort of the users: A study on urban streetscape of Sri Lanka","volume":"17","author":"Kawshalya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b57","series-title":"Spatial configuration, spatial cognition and spatial behaviour: the role of architectural intelligibility in shaping spatial experience","author":"Kim","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.11.009","article-title":"A new 3D space syntax metric based on 3D isovist capture in urban space using remote sensing technology","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b59","series-title":"Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks","author":"Kipf","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101689","article-title":"Perceived physical environment and active transport in adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Klos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.01.007","article-title":"Attitudes, risk perception and risk-taking behaviour among regular cyclists in Norway","volume":"69","author":"Kummeneje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9272.2007.00633.x","article-title":"Mobile communications, social networks, and urban travel: Hypertext as a new metaphor for conceptualizing spatial interaction","volume":"59","author":"Kwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Professional Geographer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b63","series-title":"Inferring ground truth from multi-annotator ordinal data: a probabilistic approach","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.05.029","article-title":"Perception of safety of cyclists in dublin city","volume":"50","author":"Lawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.106121","article-title":"Developing the urban comfort index: Advancing liveability analytics with a multidimensional approach and explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"120","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4031166","article-title":"Does the visibility of greenery increase perceived safety in urban areas? Evidence from the place pulse 1.0 dataset","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b67","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Explainable spatially explicit geospatial artificial intelligence in urban analytics","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104480","article-title":"Towards human-centric digital twins: Leveraging computer vision and graph models to predict outdoor comfort","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2015.1065761","article-title":"Unpacking isovists: a framework for 3D spatial visibility analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lonergan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.12.017","article-title":"Using mental mapping to unpack perceived cycling risk","volume":"88","author":"Manton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3390\/su15020905","article-title":"Is cycling safe? Does it look like it? Insights from helsinki and Barcelona","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136715","article-title":"Does the effect of micro-environmental factors on a street\u2019s appeal for adults\u2019 bicycle transport vary across different macro-environments? An experimental study","volume":"10","author":"Mertens","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52009","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2265","article-title":"Graph neural networks for road safety modeling: Datasets and evaluations for accident analysis","volume":"36","author":"Nippani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b74","article-title":"Are bicycle streets cyclist-friendly? Micro-environmental factors for improving perceived safety when cycling in mixed traffic","volume":"184","author":"Olsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b75","series-title":"Environmental aesthetics: Ideas, politics and planning","author":"Porteous","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2009.03.004","article-title":"Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research","volume":"29","author":"Purciel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-025-00167-z","article-title":"How the characteristics of street color affect visitor emotional experience","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computational Urban Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-025-00330-x","article-title":"Global urban visual perception varies across demographics and personalities","volume":"2","author":"Quintana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.05.011","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 perceptions of school neighbourhood built environment for walking and cycling to school","volume":"88","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2019.06.003","article-title":"What you feel, is what you like influence of message appeals on customer engagement on instagram","volume":"49","author":"Rietveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Marketing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2015.11.006","article-title":"Safety in the eye of the beholder: Individual susceptibility to safety-related characteristics of nocturnal urban scenes","volume":"45","author":"van Rijswijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105525","article-title":"Beyond built environment: Unveiling the interplay of streetscape perceptions and cycling behavior","volume":"109","author":"Rui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-015-0850-4","article-title":"Rapid scene perception with tragic consequences: observers miss perceiving vulnerable road users, especially in crowded traffic scenes","volume":"77","author":"Sanocki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.032","article-title":"A conceptual framework for road safety and mobility applied to cycling safety","volume":"62","author":"Schepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01035-1","article-title":"Strategies and effects of school-based interventions to promote active school transportation by bicycle among children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Sch\u00f6nbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002","article-title":"A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks","volume":"45","author":"Sokolova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916504266806","article-title":"Enclosure and safety in urbanscapes","volume":"37","author":"Stamps III","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.05.013","article-title":"Citizen science and the potential for mobility policy\u2013introducing the bike barometer","volume":"10","author":"Storme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Studies on Transport Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.05.015","article-title":"Multimodal injury risk analysis of road users at signalized and non-signalized intersections","volume":"71","author":"Strauss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.12.003","article-title":"Pedestrian distraction: The effects of road environment complexity and age on pedestrian\u2019s visual attention and crossing behavior","volume":"72","author":"Tapiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.07.001","article-title":"Predicting cycling accident risk in Brussels: A spatial case\u2013control approach","volume":"62","author":"Vandenbulcke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b93","series-title":"Elke dag raken 14 kinderen gewond in een verkeersongeval op weg naar of van school","author":"Vias institute","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.06.011","article-title":"Measuring residents\u2019 perceptions of city streets to inform better street planning through deep learning and space syntax","volume":"190","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/27541231241311474","article-title":"Cross-platform complementarity: Assessing the data quality and availability of google street view and baidu street view","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transactions in Urban Data, Science, and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b96","series-title":"Deep graph library: A graph-centric, highly-performant package for graph neural networks","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106384","article-title":"An innovative framework combining a CNN-transformer multiscale fusion network and spatial analysis for cycleway extraction using street view images","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403834","article-title":"Safe cycling: how do risk perceptions compare with observed risk?","volume":"103","author":"Winters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b99","series-title":"2018 IEEE international conference on big data (big data)","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Predicting perceived cycling safety levels using open and crowdsourced data","author":"Wu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b100","first-page":"12077","article-title":"SegFormer: Simple and efficient design for semantic segmentation with transformers","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-023-00125-w","article-title":"Urbanity: automated modelling and analysis of multidimensional networks in cities","volume":"3","author":"Yap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Urban Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107677","article-title":"Unpacking the perceived cycling safety of road environment using street view imagery and cycle accident data","volume":"205","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b103","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","first-page":"9043","article-title":"Metric3d: Towards zero-shot metric 3d prediction from a single image","author":"Yin","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.02.013","article-title":"Forecasting road traffic speeds by considering area-wide spatio-temporal dependencies based on a graph convolutional neural network (GCN)","volume":"114","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107851","article-title":"Investigating streetscape environmental characteristics associated with road traffic crashes using street view imagery and computer vision","volume":"210","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2024.103739","article-title":"Measuring cyclists\u2019 subjective perceptions of the street riding environment using K-means SMOTE-RF model and street view imagery","volume":"128","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.08.008","article-title":"An iterative road-matching approach for the integration of postal data","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.04.017","article-title":"Social sensing from street-level imagery: A case study in learning spatio-temporal urban mobility patterns","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104543","article-title":"The impact of the \u201cskeleton\u201d and \u201cskin\u201d for the streetscape on the walking behavior in 3D vertical cities","volume":"227","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"}],"container-title":["Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0198971526000566?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0198971526000566?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:59:09Z","timestamp":1783123149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0198971526000566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["S0198971526000566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454","relation":{},"ISSN":["0198-9715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0198-9715","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Modeling adolescents\u2019 perception of cycling safety: A new approach using graph neural networks and street view imagery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102454","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102454"}}