{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:04:16Z","timestamp":1784894656433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"US Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Operations Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:40:43Z","timestamp":1780674043000},"page":"107570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dynamic closed-loop supply chain network design and operations for electric vehicle batteries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0208-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Dessouky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2009.06.005","article-title":"Incorporating location, routing and inventory decisions in supply chain network design","volume":"46","author":"Ahmadi Javid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E: Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.01.033","article-title":"Approximate dynamic programming for planning a ride-hailing system using autonomous fleets of electric vehicles","volume":"284","author":"Al-Kanj","year":"2020","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3934\/ctr.2024002","article-title":"Designing profitable supply chains for lithium-ion battery recycling in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Alipanah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2020.102300","article-title":"A unified framework for efficient, effective, and fair resource allocation by food banks using an approximate dynamic programming approach","volume":"100","author":"Alkaabneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.12.045","article-title":"Multi-period reverse logistics network design","volume":"220","author":"Alumur","year":"2012","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.09.041","article-title":"On risk management of a two-stage stochastic mixed 0\u20131 model for the closed-loop supply chain design problem","volume":"274","author":"Baptista","year":"2019","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b7","series-title":"Lithium Process Chemistry","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global lithium resources and sustainability issues","author":"Christmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b8","series-title":"EverBatt: A closed-loop battery recycling cost and environmental impacts model","author":"Dai","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.01.003","article-title":"A joint maximization incentive in closed-loop supply chains with competing retailers: The case of spent-battery recycling","volume":"268","author":"De Giovanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9070375","article-title":"Economic and environmental viability of lithium-ion battery recycling\u2014case study in two Canadian regions with different energy mixes","volume":"9","author":"Gonzales-Calienes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108035","article-title":"Electric vehicle battery secondary use under government subsidy: a closed-loop supply chain perspective","volume":"234","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228753","article-title":"Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles","volume":"478","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b13","series-title":"Global EV outlook 2020","author":"IEA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.08.028","article-title":"Hybrid robust and stochastic optimization for closed-loop supply chain network design using accelerated Benders decomposition","volume":"249","author":"Keyvanshokooh","year":"2016","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b15","first-page":"870","article-title":"A multi-agent reinforcement learning model for inventory transshipments under supply chain disruption","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"IISE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b16","series-title":"NAATBatt lithium-ion battery supply chain database","author":"Lab","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b17","first-page":"209","article-title":"Approximate dynamic programming for liner shipping network design","volume":"340","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.115","article-title":"Cost-effective supply chain for electric vehicle battery remanufacturing","volume":"226","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120898","article-title":"Optimal configuration of electric vehicle battery recycling system under across-network cooperation","volume":"338","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b20","series-title":"Second Life Electric Vehicle Battery Market","author":"Market.US","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.107403","article-title":"An application of deep reinforcement learning and vendor-managed inventory in perishable supply chain management","volume":"127","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2011.09.006","article-title":"A multi-stage stochastic supply network design problem with financial decisions and risk management","volume":"40","author":"Nickel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b23","series-title":"Models, Methods, and Applications for Innovative Decision Making","first-page":"123","article-title":"Approximate dynamic programming for large-scale resource allocation problems","author":"Powell","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.03.014","article-title":"Multi-period green reverse logistics network design: an improved Benders-decomposition-based heuristic approach","volume":"303","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107623","article-title":"Stochastic optimization of value recovery network for Li-ion batteries in the United States under price and return volume uncertainties","volume":"206","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.09.007","article-title":"Approximate dynamic programming for capacity allocation in the service industry","volume":"218","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2012","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b27","series-title":"Lectures on Stochastic Programming: Modeling and Theory, Third Edition","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b28","series-title":"Remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of post-vehicle-application lithium-ion batteries","author":"Standridge","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2014.07.013","article-title":"A case-oriented approach to a lead\/acid battery closed-loop supply chain network design under risk and uncertainty","volume":"37","author":"Subulan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2015.0663","article-title":"Closed-loop supply chain network design under demand and return uncertainty","volume":"51","author":"\u00dcster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115328","article-title":"Optimal design of electric vehicle battery recycling network \u2013 from the perspective of electric vehicle manufacturers","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119299","article-title":"The optimization of an EV decommissioned battery recycling network: a third-party approach","volume":"348","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b33","first-page":"173","article-title":"Incentivized self-rebalancing fleet in electric vehicle sharing","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IISE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2014.02.027","article-title":"Multi-period design and planning of closed-loop supply chains with uncertain supply and demand","volume":"66","author":"Zeballos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.02.011","article-title":"Sustainable design of a closed-loop location-routing-inventory supply chain network under mixed uncertainty","volume":"89","author":"Zhalechian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E: Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108869","article-title":"Collection and recycling decisions for electric vehicle end-of-life power batteries in the context of carbon emissions reduction","volume":"175","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134060","article-title":"Recycling mode selection and carbon emission reduction decisions for a multi-channel closed-loop supply chain of electric vehicle power battery under cap-and-trade policy","volume":"375","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.003","article-title":"Integrated optimization of location, inventory and routing in supply chain network design","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B: Methodol."}],"container-title":["Computers & Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0305054826001887?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0305054826001887?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:38:34Z","timestamp":1784893114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0305054826001887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0305054826001887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-0548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-0548","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dynamic closed-loop supply chain network design and operations for electric vehicle batteries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Operations Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2026.107570","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107570"}}