{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:19:55Z","timestamp":1783189195803,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002630","name":"Ewha Womans University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:57:37Z","timestamp":1778320657000},"page":"104947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["EchoType: Identity recognition from typing-induced ultrasonic reflections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1825-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yena","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaehyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8345-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3112540","article-title":"TypeNet: Deep learning keystroke biometrics","volume":"4","author":"Acien","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, S. Abhishek, Saxena, Nitesh, 2018. Keyboard emanations in remote voice calls: Password leakage and noise (less) masking defenses. In: Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy. pp. 103\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1145\/3176258.3176341"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakelman, Ned, Monaco, John V., Cha, Sung-Hyuk, Tappert, Charles C., 2013. Keystroke biometric studies on password and numeric keypad input. In: 2013 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference. pp. 204\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1109\/EISIC.2013.45"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendale, Abhijit, Boult, Terrance E., 2016. Towards open set deep networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR, pp. 1563\u20131572.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.173"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2024.103931","article-title":"Integrating deep learning and data fusion for advanced keystroke dynamics authentication","volume":"92","author":"Budzys","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compagno, Alberto, Conti, Mauro, Lain, Daniele, Tsudik, Gene, 2017. Don\u2019t Skype & Type! Acoustic eavesdropping in Voice-over-IP. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. AsiaCCS, pp. 703\u2013715.","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3328916","article-title":"Keyboard snooping from mobile phone arrays with mixed convolutional and recurrent neural networks","volume":"3","author":"Giallanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giot, Romain, El-Abed, Mohamad, Rosenberger, Christophe, 2009. GREYC keystroke: A benchmark for keystroke dynamics biometric systems. In: 2009 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems. pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2009.5339051"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giot, Romain, El-Abed, Mohamad, Rosenberger, Christophe, 2012. Web-based benchmark for keystroke dynamics biometric systems: A statistical analysis. In: 2012 Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing. pp. 11\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2012.10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabham, N. J., White, N. M., 2008. Use of a novel keypad biometric for enhanced user identity verification. In: 2008 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. pp. 12\u201316.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2008.4546995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevi, Tzipora, Saxena, Nitesh, 2012. A closer look at keyboard acoustic emanations: Random passwords, typing styles and decoding techniques. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security. pp. 89\u201390.","DOI":"10.1145\/2414456.2414509"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3424301","article-title":"KeystrokeSniffer: An off-the-shelf smartphone can eavesdrop on your privacy from anywhere","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killourhy, Kevin S., Maxion, Roy A., 2009. Comparing anomaly-detection algorithms for keystroke dynamics. In: 2009 IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. DSN, pp. 125\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2009.5270346"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b14","article-title":"KDPrint: Passive authentication using keystroke dynamics-to-image encoding via standardization","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104494","article-title":"A decision-making framework for user authentication using keystroke dynamics","author":"Medvedev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b16","series-title":"Voice recognition algorithms using mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) and dynamic time warping (DTW) techniques","author":"Muda","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AIEE.1928.5055024","article-title":"Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory","volume":"47","author":"Nyquist","year":"1928","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3733103","article-title":"Keystroke dynamics: Concepts, techniques, and applications","volume":"57","author":"Shadman","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b19","series-title":"Distribution of internet users worldwide as of february 2024, by age group","author":"Statista Research Department","year":"2025"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10140-2","article-title":"TypeFormer: Transformers for mobile keystroke biometrics","volume":"36","author":"Stragapede","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Jian, Ruby, Rukhsana, Wang, Lu, Wu, Kaishun, 2016. Accurate combined keystrokes detection using acoustic signals. In: 2016 12th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks. MSN, pp. 9\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2016.010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b22","series-title":"Typing speed statistics","author":"WordsRated","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3614440","article-title":"UltraSnoop: Placement-agnostic keystroke snooping via smartphone-based ultrasonic sonar","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Things"}],"container-title":["Computers & Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001239?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001239?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:09:21Z","timestamp":1783188561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167404826001239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S0167404826001239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"EchoType: Identity recognition from typing-induced ultrasonic reflections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Security","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104947","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104947"}}