{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:17:53Z","timestamp":1783185473983,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020871","name":"Abu Dhabi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19300883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19300883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:23:02Z","timestamp":1778890982000},"page":"104955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Towards formal validation and performance evaluation of TLS 1.3 using Intelligent Transport System certificates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihem","family":"Baccari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hadded","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b1","series-title":"TS 22.186 V16.2.0, service requirements for enhanced V2X scenarios (release 16)","author":"3GPP","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b2","series-title":"3GPP release 17","author":"3GPP","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b3","series-title":"3GPP release 18","author":"3GPP","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b4","series-title":"V2X functional and performance test report","author":"(5GAA)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b5","series-title":"C-V2X use cases. Requirements and service level agreements","author":"(5GAA)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b6","article-title":"IEEE standard for information technology - telecommunications and information exchange between systems - local and metropolitan area networks - specific requirements part 11","volume":"6","author":"802.11p","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. LAN Mediu. Access Control. (MAC) Phys. Layer (PHY) Phys. Layer (PHY) Specif. Amend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3127586","article-title":"The applied pi calculus: Mobile values, new names, and secure communication","volume":"65","author":"Abadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.101797","article-title":"TLS guard for TLS 1.3 zero round-trip time (0-RTT) in a distributed environment","volume":"35","author":"Abdelhafez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b9","article-title":"A blockchain-based certificate revocation management and status verification system","volume":"104","author":"Adja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b10","series-title":"2024 15th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Korea, Republic of","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Enhanced C-V2X mode-3 for CAM and DENM propagation in scalable overlapped enbs","author":"Ali","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b11","series-title":"V2X white paper","author":"Alliance","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138475","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3595461","article-title":"Multi-technology integration in hybrid V2X networks: A survey, challenges, and open issues","volume":"13","author":"Baccari","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79156","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3299357","article-title":"An evaluation of X.509 certificate revocation and related privacy issues in the web PKI ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"Berbecaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b14","series-title":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"483","article-title":"Verified models and reference implementations for the TLS 1.3 standard candidate","author":"Bhargavan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b15","series-title":"Proceedings. 14th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop, 2001., Cape Breton, NS, Canada","first-page":"82","article-title":"An efficient cryptographic protocol verifier based on prolog rules","author":"Blanchet","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling and verifying security protocols with the applied pi calculus and ProVerif","volume":"1","author":"Blanchet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Found. Trends Priv. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b17","series-title":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, CA, USA","first-page":"69","article-title":"ProVerif with lemmas, induction, fast subsumption, and much more","author":"Blanchet","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b18","first-page":"05","article-title":"ProVerif 2.00: Automatic cryptographic protocol verifier, user manual and tutorial","volume":"16","author":"Blanchet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Version from"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b19","series-title":"2018 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications","first-page":"55","article-title":"QCH-MAC: A qos-aware centralized hybrid MAC protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks","author":"Boulila","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2797529","article-title":"A security credential management system for V2X communications","volume":"19","author":"Brecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b21","article-title":"Formal verification of a V2X scheme mixing traditional PKI and group signatures","volume":"89","author":"Bussa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b22","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis of standard security techniques in V2x communication: Exploring the cracking of ECQV implicit certificates","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b23","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation and performance analysis of security credential management system based on IEEE 1609.2 and 1609.2.1 standards","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b24","series-title":"2024 IEEE North Karnataka Subsection Flagship International Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"V2X credential management system comparison based on IEEE 1609.2.1 and ETSI TS 102 941","author":"Chen","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3384132","article-title":"Wireless access for V2X communications: Research, challenges and opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Clancy","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b26","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"1773","article-title":"A comprehensive symbolic analysis of TLS 1.3","author":"Cremers","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b27","series-title":"2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"470","article-title":"Automated analysis and verification of TLS 1.3: 0-RTT, resumption and delayed authentication","author":"Cremers","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b28","series-title":"The TLS protocol version 1.0","author":"Dierks","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b29","series-title":"The transport layer security (TLS) protocol version 1.1","author":"Dierks","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b30","series-title":"The transport layer security (TLS) protocol version 1.2","author":"Dierks","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650","article-title":"On the security of public key protocols","volume":"29","author":"Dolev","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-021-09384-1","article-title":"A cryptographic analysis of the TLS 1.3 handshake protocol","volume":"34","author":"Dowling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cryptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b33","series-title":"2015 International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering","first-page":"203","article-title":"SSL\/TLS attacks: Analysis and evaluation","author":"Eldewahi","year":"2015"},{"issue":"097","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b34","first-page":"V1","article-title":"Intelligent transport systems (ITS); security; security header and certificate formats","volume":"103","author":"ETSI","year":"2017","journal-title":"ETSI TS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b35","first-page":"941","article-title":"Intelligent transport systems (ITS); security; trust and privacy management","volume":"102","author":"ETSI","year":"2018","journal-title":"ETSI TS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b36","series-title":"TR 103 562 V2.1.1, intelligent transport systems (ITS); vehicular communications; basic set of applications; analysis of the collective perception service (CPS)","author":"ETSI","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b37","series-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Header and Certificate Formats; Release 2","author":"ETSI","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b38","series-title":"2023 46th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing","first-page":"177","article-title":"Performance improvements of vehicular PKI protocol for the security of V2X communications","author":"Farran","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b39","series-title":"2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Security attacks impact for collective perception based roadside assistance: A study of a highway on-ramp merging case","author":"Hadded","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b40","series-title":"2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a TDMA-based multi-hop communication scheme for reliable delivery of warning messages in vehicular networks","author":"Hadded","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b41","series-title":"2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference","first-page":"907","article-title":"Augmented perception by V2X cooperation (PAC-V2X): Security issues and misbehavior detection solutions","author":"Hadded","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b42","series-title":"2017 18th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management","first-page":"291","article-title":"ASN.1 specification for ETSI certificates and encoding performance study","author":"Hammi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b43","series-title":"IEEE Std 1609.2-2016 (Revision IEEE Std 1609.2-2013)","first-page":"1","article-title":"IEEE standard for wireless access in vehicular environments\u2013security services for applications and management messages","author":"IEEE","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b44","series-title":"Intelligent transport systems \u2013 ITS station security services for secure session establishment and authentication between trusted devices","author":"ISO","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b45","series-title":"37th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks - Workshops","first-page":"956","article-title":"A DTLS based end-to-end security architecture for the internet of things with two-way authentication","author":"Kothmayr","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b46","series-title":"HMAC-based extract-and-expand key derivation function (HKDF)","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b47","series-title":"2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"81","article-title":"The OPTLS protocol and TLS 1.3","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100392","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3578120","article-title":"kQUIC: A kernel-based quick UDP internet connections (QUIC) transport for IoT","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b49","series-title":"Foundations and Practice of Security","first-page":"137","article-title":"Performance evaluations of cryptographic protocols verification tools dealing with algebraic properties","author":"Lafourcade","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kim, D., Kwon, Y., 2021. TLS 1.3 in practice: How TLS 1.3 contributes to the internet. In: Proc. Web Conf. 2021. pp. 70\u201379.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450057"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekidis, A., Morais, H., 2024. Open V2X Management Platform Cyber-Resilience and Data Privacy Mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. pp. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1145\/3664476.3669917"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b52","series-title":"2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, USA","first-page":"486","article-title":"Multiple handshakes security of TLS 1.3 candidates","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b53","article-title":"A performance evaluation framework for post-quantum TLS","author":"Montenegro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b54","series-title":"TLS authentication using intelligent transport system (ITS) certificates","author":"Msahli","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b55","series-title":"Post-quantum cryptography","author":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b56","series-title":"European Symposium on Research in Computer Security","first-page":"637","article-title":"Towards a systematic and automatic use of state machine inference to uncover security flaws and fingerprint TLS stacks","author":"Rasoamanana","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b57","series-title":"The transport layer security (TLS) protocol version 1.3","author":"Rescorla","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b58","series-title":"X.509 internet public key infrastructure online certificate status protocol - OCSP","author":"Santesson","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173670","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3497184","article-title":"Towards validation of TLS 1.3 formal model and vulnerabilities in intel\u2019s RA-TLS protocol","volume":"12","author":"Sardar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b60","first-page":"31","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on SSL\/TLS and their vulnerabilities","volume":"153","author":"Satapathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3239115","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of V2X cybersecurity mechanisms and future research paths","volume":"4","author":"Sedar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b62","series-title":"Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science","first-page":"124","article-title":"Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring","author":"Shor","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b63","series-title":"2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies","first-page":"893","article-title":"A comprehensive study on security attacks on SSL\/TLS protocol","author":"Sirohi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b64","series-title":"Hybrid key exchange in TLS 1.3","author":"Stebila","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-016-0326-0","article-title":"On improving resistance to denial of service and key provisioning scalability of the DTLS handshake","volume":"16","author":"Tiloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b66","series-title":"Using raw public keys in transport layer security (TLS) and datagram transport layer security (DTLS)","author":"Wouters","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3558052","article-title":"A survey of security and privacy issues in v2x communication systems","volume":"55","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23674","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969474","article-title":"Formal analysis of 5G EAP-tls authentication protocol using proverif","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13204000","article-title":"Challenges and advances in analyzing TLS 1.3-encrypted traffic: A comprehensive survey","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"}],"container-title":["Computers & Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001318?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001318?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:47:36Z","timestamp":1783183656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167404826001318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0167404826001318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards formal validation and performance evaluation of TLS 1.3 using Intelligent Transport System certificates","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Security","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104955","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104955"}}