{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:04:48Z","timestamp":1780995888629,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:58:00Z","timestamp":1778889480000},"page":"104973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Crisis-driven cyber risk: Evaluating the cybercrime landscape in the face of pandemic uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Anser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raima","family":"Nazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0001","first-page":"250","article-title":"Reference evapotranspiration estimation in hyper-arid regions via d-vine copula based-quantile regression and comparison with empirical approaches and machine learning models","volume":"44","author":"Abdallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0002","series-title":"Cybercrime Unveiled: Technologies for Analysing Legal Complexity","first-page":"309","article-title":"Cybercrime during COVID-19 pandemic in urban Kano, Nigeria","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0003","series-title":"The World Uncertainty Index (No. w29763)","author":"Ahir","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Computer Communication and the Internet (ICCCI)","first-page":"78","article-title":"Analyzing cyber crimes during Covid-19 time in Indonesia","author":"Amarullah","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3096916","article-title":"Fast strategies for the implementation of SIKE round 3 on ARM Cortex-M4","volume":"68","author":"Anastasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/boer.12371","article-title":"Nexus between economic risk and political risk in the United Kingdom: evidence from wavelet coherence and quantile-on-quantile approaches","volume":"75","author":"Ayhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Econ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2283691","article-title":"Efficient algorithm and architecture for elliptic curve cryptography for extremely constrained secure applications","volume":"61","author":"Azarderakhsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2014.2307002","article-title":"Efficient and concurrent reliable realization of the secure cryptographic SHA-3 algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Bayat-Sarmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0009","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 28th Symposium On Computer Arithmetic (ARITH)","first-page":"94","article-title":"High-speed NTT-based polynomial multiplication accelerator for post-quantum cryptography","author":"Bisheh-Niasar","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2021.3077885","article-title":"Cryptographic accelerators for digital signature based on Ed25519","volume":"29","author":"Bisheh-Niasar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07474939608800353","article-title":"A test for independence based on the correlation dimension","volume":"15","author":"Brock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Econom. Rev."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1080\/14616696.2020.1804973","article-title":"Cybercrime and shifts in opportunities during COVID-19: a preliminary analysis in the UK","volume":"23","author":"Buil-Gil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0014","first-page":"404","article-title":"Choosing a kernel regression estimator","volume":"5","author":"Chu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"issue":"368","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","article-title":"Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0017","series-title":"The Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic For Cybercrime Policing in Scotland: A rapid Review of the Evidence and Future Considerations","author":"Collier","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.46557\/001c.18267","article-title":"Infectious diseases-energy futures nexus: a quantile-on-quantile approach","volume":"1","author":"Fasanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0019","first-page":"121","article-title":"Global virus lockdown and cybercrime rate trends: a routine activity approach","volume":"128","author":"Govender","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09534-4","article-title":"Cybercrime in America amid COVID-19: the initial results from a natural experiment","volume":"45","author":"Hawdon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Crim. Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0021","first-page":"103","article-title":"The development of phishing during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of over 1100 targeted domains","volume":"128","author":"Hoheisel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0022","first-page":"189","article-title":"Exploring public cybercrime prevention campaigns and victimization of businesses: a Bayesian model averaging approach","volume":"127","author":"Kemp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0023","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 21st IEEE International Symposium On Defect And Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems","first-page":"572","article-title":"Parity-based fault detection architecture of S-box for advanced encryption standard","author":"Kermani","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0024","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 26th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2013 12th International Conference On Embedded Systems","first-page":"203","article-title":"Emerging frontiers in embedded security","author":"Kermani","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0025","first-page":"122","article-title":"Examining the behaviour of energy prices to COVID-19 uncertainty: a quantile on quantile approach","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0026","first-page":"599","article-title":"Unit root tests with multiple structural changes","volume":"148","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2018.2815605","article-title":"A high-performance and scalable hardware architecture for isogeny-based cryptography","volume":"67","author":"Koziel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2016.2611561","article-title":"Post-quantum cryptography on FPGA based on isogenies on elliptic curves","volume":"64","author":"Koziel","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0029","series-title":"Proceedings of the Cryptology and Network Security: 15th International Conference, CANS2016","first-page":"88","article-title":"NEON-SIDH: efficient implementation of supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol on ARM","author":"Koziel","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0030","first-page":"128","article-title":"What changed in the cyber-security after COVID-19?","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0031","first-page":"148","article-title":"Cyber security in the age of COVID-19: a timeline and analysis of cyber-crime and cyber-attacks during the pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Lallie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1108\/JFC-01-2021-0016","article-title":"COVID-19 and cyber fraud: emerging threats during the pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Financ. Crime"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990507","article-title":"The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention","volume":"5","author":"Meltzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increasing cybercrime since the pandemic: concerns for psychiatry","volume":"23","author":"Monteith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2009.2031651","article-title":"A lightweight high-performance fault detection scheme for the advanced encryption standard using composite fields","volume":"19","author":"Mozaffari-Kermani","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large-Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2010.33","article-title":"Concurrent structure-independent fault detection schemes for the advanced encryption standard","volume":"59","author":"Mozaffari-Kermani","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.125","article-title":"Efficient and high-performance parallel hardware architectures for the AES-GCM","volume":"61","author":"Mozaffari-Kermani","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2344095","article-title":"Systematic poisoning attacks on and defenses for machine learning in healthcare","volume":"19","author":"Mozaffari-Kermani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm15120589","article-title":"Do stock market volatility and cybercrime affect cryptocurrency returns? Evidence from South African economy","volume":"15","author":"Mthembu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Risk Financ. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2015.2494021","article-title":"Energy-efficient long-term continuous personal health monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Nia","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.46386\/ijcfati.v2i1.29","article-title":"Exploring the shift from physical to cybercrime at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Plachkinova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber Forensics Adv. Threat Investig."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.247","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic cybersecurity issues","volume":"4","author":"Pranggono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600004217","article-title":"Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegration regressions","volume":"7","author":"Saikkonen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Econ. Theory"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0044","first-page":"139","article-title":"Asymmetric nexus between temperature and COVID-19 in the top ten affected provinces of China: a current application of quantile-on-quantile approach","volume":"73","author":"Shahzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2015.01.013","article-title":"Oil prices, US stock return, and the dependence between their quantiles","volume":"55","author":"Sim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bank. Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0046","first-page":"37","article-title":"Asymmetric nexus between pandemic uncertainty and public health spendings: evidence from quantile estimation","volume":"34","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12596","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22680-y","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 and economic policy uncertainty on China\u2019s stock market returns: evidence from quantile-on-quantile and causality-in-quantiles approaches","volume":"30","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umar, M. (2021). The Impact of Cyber-Attacks On Cryptocurrency price, Return and liquidity: Evidence from Quantile-On-Quantile Regression. Available at SSRN 3945849.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3945849"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0049","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence, nature and impact of cybercrime for citizens and SME owners in the Netherlands","volume":"13","author":"Van de Weijer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01019-y","article-title":"The impact of quarantine on mental health status among general population in China during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0051","series-title":"Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 On Telecommunications and the Internet","first-page":"215","article-title":"Trends in cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Wolff","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0052","series-title":"World Pandemic Uncertainty Index","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2008.12.005","article-title":"Quantile cointegrating regression","volume":"150","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04051-9","article-title":"The spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of cybercrime in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."}],"container-title":["Computers & Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001495?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001495?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1780994740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167404826001495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0167404826001495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Crisis-driven cyber risk: Evaluating the cybercrime landscape in the face of pandemic uncertainty","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Security","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.104973","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104973"}}