{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T18:04:39Z","timestamp":1783965879233,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010166","name":"Xiamen City Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3304501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3304501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZQN-1207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-1207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:27:23Z","timestamp":1780759643000},"page":"105006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["TMAS: A threshold multi-auditor auditing scheme for weakly trusted cloud\u2013fog collaboration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shufan","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0479-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyu","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Burns, R., Curtmola, R., Herring, J., Kissner, L., Peterson, Z., Song, D., 2007. Provable data possession at untrusted stores. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. pp. 598\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315318"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b2","article-title":"Federated distributed key generation","author":"Baranski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b3","series-title":"Annual International Cryptology Conference","first-page":"213","article-title":"Identity-based encryption from the weil pairing","author":"Boneh","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S., 2012. Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing. pp. 13\u201316.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9630","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3323359","article-title":"Certificateless dynamic data sharing scheme with file recommendation and integrity auditing functions in cloud-fog environment","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b6","article-title":"The role of Digital Twin in advancing the Industrial Internet of Things: insights, applications, and future directions","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538","article-title":"Fog and IoT: An overview of research opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14702","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3525261","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in fog computing scheduling: A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Chuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3486221","article-title":"Orchestration in fog computing: A comprehensive survey","volume":"55","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b10","unstructured":"Das, S., Xiang, Z., Kokoris-Kogias, L., Ren, L., 2023. Practical asynchronous high-threshold distributed key generation and distributed polynomial sampling. In: 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). pp. 5359\u20135376."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b11","series-title":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"2518","article-title":"Practical asynchronous distributed key generation","author":"Das","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume":"22","author":"Diffie","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650","article-title":"On the security of public key protocols","volume":"29","author":"Dolev","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14041-9","article-title":"Certificateless data integrity auditing with sparse Merkle trees for the cloud-edge environment","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1109\/TON.2024.3522133","article-title":"B5G-NFM: Blockchain-based 5G network function management with enhanced security and privacy","volume":"33","author":"Fei","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b16","series-title":"28th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (SFCS 1987)","first-page":"427","article-title":"A practical scheme for non-interactive verifiable secret sharing","author":"Feldman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3581047","article-title":"Ascina: Efficient proof of retrievability for industrial cloud storage systems","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3267235","article-title":"Dual attribute-based auditing scheme for fog computing-based data dynamic storage with distributed collaborative verification","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.04.036","article-title":"A survey on blockchain-based integrity auditing for cloud data","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103181","article-title":"Privacy-preserving certificateless public auditing supporting different auditing frequencies","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juels, A., Kaliski Jr., B.S., 2007. PORs: Proofs of retrievability for large files. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. pp. 584\u2013597.","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315317"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2020.3029209","article-title":"A survey on integrity auditing for data storage in the cloud: from single copy to multiple replicas","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Big Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101084","article-title":"Privacy-preserving dynamic auditing for regenerating code-based storage in cloud-fog-assisted IIoT","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b24","article-title":"TLARDA: Threshold label-aggregating remote data auditing in decentralized environment","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2023.3347001","article-title":"Sg-audit: An efficient and robust cloud auditing scheme for smart grid","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102820","article-title":"Collaborative DDoS defense for SDN-based aIoT with autoencoder-enhanced federated learning","volume":"117","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b27","series-title":"Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives","first-page":"103","article-title":"Fog computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions","author":"Mahmud","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maram, S.K.D., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Low, A., Zhang, Y., Juels, A., Song, D., 2019. CHURP: Dynamic-committee proactive secret sharing. In: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. pp. 2369\u20132386.","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363203"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b29","unstructured":"Scarlata, V., Johnson, S., Beaney, J., Zmijewski, P., 2018. Supporting Third Party Attestation for Intel SGX with Intel Data Center Attestation Primitives. White Paper 12."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176","article-title":"How to share a secret","volume":"22","author":"Shamir","year":"1979","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3339521","article-title":"Keyword-based remote data integrity auditing supporting full data dynamics","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93138-7","article-title":"Securing IIoT systems against DDoS attacks with adaptive moving target defense strategies","volume":"15","author":"Swati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.107709","article-title":"Smart contract-based public integrity auditing for cloud storage against malicious auditors","volume":"166","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.12.004","article-title":"Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure data storage in fog-to-cloud computing","volume":"127","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104250","article-title":"TEEMRDA: Leveraging trusted execution environments for multi-replica data auditing in cloud storage","volume":"150","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2010.5510914","article-title":"Toward publicly auditable secure cloud data storage services","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b37","article-title":"Multidimensional data integrity checking scheme for IoT-edge computing-assisted intelligent railway systems","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b38","series-title":"2015 Third IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies (HotWeb)","first-page":"73","article-title":"Fog computing: Platform and applications","author":"Yi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6896","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3422790","article-title":"Edasvic: Enabling efficient and dynamic storage verification for clouds of industrial internet platforms","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b40","unstructured":"Yurek, T., Xiang, Z., Xia, Y., Miller, A., 2023. Long live the honey badger: Robust asynchronous {DPSS} and its applications. In: 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). pp. 5413\u20135430."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2022.3147226","article-title":"Trust-based secure multi-cloud collaboration framework in cloud-fog-assisted IoT","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3090719","article-title":"Toward proactive and efficient ddos mitigation in iIoT systems: A moving target defense approach","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3207384","article-title":"Fair cloud auditing based on blockchain for resource-constrained IoT devices","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104096","article-title":"Certificate-based multi-copy cloud storage auditing supporting data dynamics","volume":"148","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."}],"container-title":["Computers & Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001823?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167404826001823?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:16:34Z","timestamp":1783962994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167404826001823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0167404826001823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"TMAS: A threshold multi-auditor auditing scheme for weakly trusted cloud\u2013fog collaboration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Security","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2026.105006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105006"}}