{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:22:57Z","timestamp":1778595777572,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Science Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T09:43:28Z","timestamp":1775900608000},"page":"100983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Privacy in V2X communication: A comprehensive survey of threats, defenses, and emerging technologies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashank K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3470-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munkenyi","family":"Mukhandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0599-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique C.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0094-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4744-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0005","first-page":"2410","article-title":"A survey on pseudonym changing strategies for vehicular Ad-Hoc networks","volume":"19","author":"Boualouache","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0010","first-page":"2286","article-title":"Pseudonym schemes in vehicular networks: a survey","volume":"17","author":"Petit","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0015","first-page":"38","article-title":"Survey on existing authentication issues for cellular-assisted V2X communication","volume":"12","author":"Mujahid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0020","article-title":"A survey on security attacks in vanets: communication, applications and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Arif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13040096","article-title":"Security challenges of location privacy in vanets and state-of-the-art solutions: a survey","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3558052","article-title":"A survey of security and privacy issues in V2X communication systems","volume":"55","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3239115","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of V2X cybersecurity mechanisms and future research paths","volume":"4","author":"Sedar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12778","article-title":"A literature review on V2X communications security: foundation, solutions, status, and future","volume":"18","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0045","first-page":"5480","article-title":"Blockchain-based solutions for security, privacy, and trust management in vehicular networks: a survey","volume":"78","author":"Mikavica","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0050","article-title":"AI to V2X privacy and security issues in autonomous vehicles: survey","volume":"392","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"MATEC Web of Conferences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0055","first-page":"24","article-title":"This Car runs on code","volume":"54","author":"Charette","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0060","series-title":"Automotive Software and Electronics 2030: Mapping the future Landscape","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0065","series-title":"Software-Defined Vehicle Working Group Charter","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0070","series-title":"SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-0021","article-title":"Software-defined vehicle: automotive e\/e architecture of the future","author":"Neudecker","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0075","first-page":"56","article-title":"Towards a software-defined vehicle: challenges and opportunities","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0080","series-title":"VANET: Vehicular Applications and Inter-Networking Technologies","author":"Hartenstein","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0085","first-page":"151","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of csma\/ca in vanet","volume":"242","author":"Giang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0090","series-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (Its); Communications Architecture","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0095","series-title":"Memorandum of Understanding for Oems Within the Car 2 Car Communication Consortium","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0105","series-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems\u2014communications Access for Land Mobiles (Calm) Architecture","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0110","series-title":"Ieee Guide for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (Wave)\u2014architecture","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0115","unstructured":"Open systems interconnection \u2014 basic reference model, Tech. Rep. ISO\/IEC 7498-1, 1994, ISO\/IEC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0120","unstructured":"Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and phy specifications, Tech. Rep. IEEE Std 802.11-2012, 2012, IEEE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0125","unstructured":"Intelligent transport systems (its); geonetworking; part 5: basic transport protocol, Tech. Rep. EN 302 636-5-1, 2014, ETSI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0130","unstructured":"Geonetworking; part 4: geographical addressing and forwarding, Tech. Rep. EN 302 636-4-1, 2014, ETSI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0135","unstructured":"Geonetworking; part 6: internet integration, Tech. Rep. EN 302 636-6-1 V1.1.1, 2011, ETSI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0140","unstructured":"Users and applications requirements; part 1: facilities layer structure, Tech. Rep. TS 102 894-1, 2013, ETSI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0145","unstructured":"IEEE guide for wireless access in vehicular environments (wave) \u2014 architecture, Tech. Rep. IEEE Std 1609.0-2013, 2014, IEEE."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0150","first-page":"125","article-title":"From today\u2019s vanets to tomorrow\u2019s planning and the bets for the day after","volume":"2","author":"Campolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0155","series-title":"Multi-Service Packet Transmission Techniques to Support future Road Traffic Applications in Vanets","author":"Javed","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0160","unstructured":"Wireless access in vehicular environments (wave) \u2014 networking services, Tech. Rep. IEEE Std 1609.3, 2010, IEEE."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5450660","article-title":"Dv-cast: a distributed vehicular broadcast protocol for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"17","author":"Tonguz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0170","unstructured":"Wireless access in vehicular environments (wave) \u2014 resource manager, Tech. Rep. IEEE Std 1609.1-2006, 2006, IEEE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0175","unstructured":"Intelligent transport systems \u2014 communications access for land mobiles (calm) architecture, Tech. Rep. ISO 21217, 2014, ISO."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2410831","article-title":"A survey on platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0185","unstructured":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to On-Road motor vehicle automated driving systems, 2014, SAE International, Warrendale, PA. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3016_201401\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0190","series-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (Its); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0195","series-title":"Validation Platform for Vehicle Secure and Highly Trusted Communications in the Context of the Cooperative Its Systems","author":"Haidar","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.10.015","article-title":"Vehicular networks and the future of the mobile internet","volume":"55","author":"Gerla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0205","series-title":"Lte\/Lte-Advanced for Vehicular Safety Applications","author":"Soleimani","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0210","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Examining the potential of floating Car data for dynamic traffic management","volume":"12","author":"Houbraken","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.12.009","article-title":"Multiplayer games over vehicular Ad Hoc networks: a new application","volume":"8","author":"Tonguz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0220","series-title":"Study on Lte Support for V2x Services","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0225","series-title":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Standards, Solutions, and Research","author":"Campolo","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2009.5361174","article-title":"A survey on vehicle-to-vehicle propagation channels","volume":"16","author":"Molisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0235","first-page":"74","article-title":"Vehicle-to-vehicle channel modeling and measurements: recent advances and future challenges","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0240","series-title":"Draft Report of TSG Sa Meeting 67","year":"2015"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0245","first-page":"1344","article-title":"Evolution of V2X communication and integration of blockchain for security enhancements","volume":"9","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70169","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2919489","article-title":"IEEE 802.11bd and 5g nr V2X: evolution of radio access technologies for v2x communications","volume":"7","author":"Naik","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87665","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028621","article-title":"V2X support in 3gpp specifications: from 4g to 5g and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Roger","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-2007-15103","article-title":"Securing vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"15","author":"Raya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0265","series-title":"Secure Vehicular Communication Systems","first-page":"1155","author":"Papadimitratos","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0270","series-title":"Embedded Security in Cars Conference (ESCar)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caravan: providing location privacy for vanet","author":"Sampigethaya","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0275","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Wireless Networking for Intelligent Transportation Systems (Win-ITS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mix-zones for location privacy in vehicular networks","author":"Freudiger","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.061411.00019","article-title":"Vehicular networking: a survey and tutorial on requirements, architectures, challenges, standards and solutions","volume":"13","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0285","series-title":"2009 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Slow: a practical pseudonym changing scheme for location privacy in vanets","author":"Butty\u00e1n","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0290","series-title":"2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"111","article-title":"Robust de-anonymization of large sparse datasets","author":"Narayanan","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0295","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)","first-page":"764","article-title":"Limits of location privacy under anonymization and obfuscation","author":"Takbiri","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113816","article-title":"Self-driving cars: a survey","volume":"165","author":"Badue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7355568","article-title":"Enhancements of V2X communication in support of cooperative autonomous driving","volume":"53","author":"Hobert","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0310","series-title":"V2X Communication and Intersection Safety","first-page":"353","author":"Le","year":"2009"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.05.005","article-title":"V2X simulation runtime infrastructure vsimrti: an assessment tool to design smart traffic management systems","volume":"55","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1700015","article-title":"Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services supported by lte-based systems and 5g","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0325","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th EAI International Conference on Mobile Multimedia Communications","first-page":"136","article-title":"Protecting imsi and user privacy in 5g networks","author":"Norrman","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0330","series-title":"Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks, Vol. 4104 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science","first-page":"266","article-title":"Threats to security in dsrc\/wave","author":"Laurendeau","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0335","series-title":"2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Candy: a social engineering attack to leak information from infotainment system","author":"Costantino","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0345","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","first-page":"113","article-title":"Private proximity testing with an untrusted server","author":"Saldamli","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0350","series-title":"Black Hat USA","article-title":"Remote exploitation of an unaltered passenger vehicle","author":"Miller","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0355","author":"Hunt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0365","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - the 27th Conference on Computer Communications","first-page":"246","article-title":"An efficient identity-based batch verification scheme for vehicular sensor networks","author":"Zhang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0370","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Forward and backward private searchable encryption from constrained cryptographic primitives","author":"Bost","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0375","series-title":"Data Mining: the Textbook","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0380","series-title":"Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Tools","author":"Goldreich","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0385","first-page":"4220","article-title":"Zero-knowledge proof-based privacy-preserving authentication in vehicular networks","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9929","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2987843","article-title":"AI at the edge: blockchain-empowered secure multiparty learning with heterogeneous models","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0395","author":"Zyskind"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0400","author":"Breuer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography5030019","article-title":"Fair and secure multi-party computation with cheater detection","volume":"5","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryptography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0410","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential privacy","author":"Dwork","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0415","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safepath: differentially-private publishing of passenger trajectories in transportation systems","volume":"137","author":"Al-Hussaeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0420","first-page":"12031","article-title":"Differentially private tripartite intelligent matching against inference attacks in ride-sharing services","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0425","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","first-page":"107","article-title":"Differential privacy in intelligent transportation systems","author":"Kargl","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.10.007","article-title":"A survey on security and privacy of federated learning","volume":"115","author":"Mothukuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000552","article-title":"Making a case for federated learning in the internet of vehicles and intelligent transportation systems","volume":"35","author":"Manias","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0440","first-page":"110","article-title":"Federated learning for intelligent transportation systems: use cases, open challenges, and opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0445","article-title":"A lightweight authentication scheme with privacy preservation for vehicular networks","volume":"99","author":"Rawat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0450","series-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","first-page":"19","article-title":"Efficient and robust pseudonymous authentication in vanet","author":"Calandriello","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0455","series-title":"2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)","first-page":"144","article-title":"A two-level privacy-preserving pseudonymous authentication protocol for vanet","author":"Rajput","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0460","series-title":"Eighth International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enforcing privacy using symmetric random key-set in vehicular networks","author":"Xi","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0465","series-title":"2019 IEEE 21st High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC)","first-page":"1040","article-title":"An anonymous conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vanets","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0470","first-page":"2710","article-title":"Pa-crt: Chinese remainder theorem based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme in vanets","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.12.001","article-title":"A lightweight authentication and privacy-preserving scheme for vanets using Tesla and bloom filters","volume":"4","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0480","first-page":"12373","article-title":"Decentralized and scalable privacy-preserving authentication scheme in vanets","volume":"67","author":"Tangade","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2634623","article-title":"Eaap: efficient anonymous authentication with conditional privacy-preserving scheme for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"18","author":"Azees","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0490","series-title":"2007 Mobile Networking for Vehicular Environments","first-page":"1","article-title":"A group signature based secure and privacy-preserving vehicular communication framework","author":"Guo","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0495","first-page":"2762","article-title":"Efficient privacy-preserving authentication for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0500","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - the 27th Conference on Computer Communications","first-page":"1229","article-title":"Ecpp: efficient conditional privacy preservation protocol for secure vehicular communications","author":"Lu","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0505","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - the 27th Conference on Computer Communications","first-page":"246","article-title":"An efficient identity-based batch verification scheme for vehicular sensor networks","author":"Zhang","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2579162","article-title":"Distributed aggregate privacy-preserving authentication in vanets","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221080","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3014038","article-title":"Mfspv: a multi-factor secured and lightweight privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vanets","volume":"8","author":"Alfadhli","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10283","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2718101","article-title":"Spacf: a secure privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vanet with cuckoo filter","volume":"66","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2017.03.009","article-title":"V2X security: a case study of anonymous authentication","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0530","first-page":"4881","article-title":"Bcppa: a blockchain-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication protocol for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0535","first-page":"1852","article-title":"Cpas: an efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2744182","article-title":"Anonymous and lightweight authentication for secure vehicular networks","volume":"66","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0545","article-title":"Lpc: a lightweight pseudonym changing scheme with robust forward and backward secrecy for V2X","volume":"113","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0550","series-title":"2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications \/ 12th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (TrustCom\/BigDataSE)","first-page":"98","article-title":"Bars: a blockchain-based anonymous reputation system for trust management in vanets","author":"Lu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2777990","article-title":"Creditcoin: a privacy-preserving blockchain-based incentive announcement network for communications of smart vehicles","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0560","series-title":"ESAS 2007: European Workshop on Security and Privacy in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks","first-page":"129","article-title":"On the effectiveness of changing pseudonyms to provide location privacy in vanets","author":"Buttyan","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0565","first-page":"517","article-title":"Mix-zones optimal deployment for protecting location privacy in vanet","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peer-to-peer Netw. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0570","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protecting privacy in vanets using mix zones with virtual pseudonym change","volume":"10","author":"Amro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur. Appl."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.070113.122816","article-title":"Dynamic mix-zone for location privacy in vehicular networks","volume":"17","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0580","first-page":"76024","article-title":"Independent mix zone for location privacy in vehicular networks","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0585","series-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","first-page":"7291","article-title":"Pseudonym changes scheme based on candidate-location-list in vehicular networks","author":"Ying","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0590","series-title":"2011 IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving location privacy in mix-zones for vanets","author":"Carianha","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0595","series-title":"2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nowhere to hide? Mix-zones for private pseudonym change using chaff vehicles","author":"Vaas","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.071007","article-title":"Amoeba: robust location privacy scheme for vanet","volume":"25","author":"Sampigethaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0605","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caps: context-aware privacy scheme for vanet safety applications","author":"Emara","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0610","first-page":"e41","article-title":"Anonymous group message authentication protocol for lte-based V2X communications","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Internet Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0615","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Achieving differentially private location privacy in edge-assisted connected vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0620","series-title":"2014 IEEE Military Communications Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dtn routing protocol for vehicle location information protection","author":"Dunbar","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0625","series-title":"Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications","first-page":"74","article-title":"Virtual location generation for location privacy protection in vanet","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0630","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (CODASPY)","first-page":"73","article-title":"Velocity-aware geo-indistinguishability","author":"Mendes","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0635","series-title":"2017 International Conference on Communication Technologies (ComTech)","first-page":"236","article-title":"Vbpc: velocity based pseudonym changing strategy to protect location privacy of vehicles in vanet","author":"Ullah","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0640","series-title":"2018 IEEE TrustCom\/BigDataSE","first-page":"501","article-title":"Track me if you can? Query-based dual location privacy in vanets for v2v and v2i","author":"Arif","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0645","first-page":"4271","article-title":"Efficient privacy-preserving scheme for real-time location data in vehicular Ad-Hoc network","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0650","series-title":"NDSS Symposium 2018","article-title":"Bug fixes, improvements, \u2026 and privacy leaks: a longitudinal study of PII leaks across android app versions","author":"Ren","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2619091","article-title":"Taintdroid: an information-flow tracking system for real-time privacy monitoring on smartphones","volume":"32","author":"Enck","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0660","author":"Beigi"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.12.002","article-title":"Comparative study of game theoretic approaches to mitigate network layer attacks in vanets","volume":"4","author":"Ilavendhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0670","series-title":"2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications","first-page":"530","article-title":"Detecting man-in-the-middle and wormhole attacks in wireless mesh networks","author":"Glass","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2018.06.003","article-title":"A sensor enabled secure vehicular communication for emergency message dissemination using cloud services","volume":"87","author":"SathyaNarayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2548426","article-title":"A survey of man-in-the-middle attacks","volume":"18","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0685","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting user traits from a snapshot of APPS installed on a smartphone","volume":"18","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Sigmob. Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2017-0006","article-title":"Towards seamless tracking-free web: improved detection of trackers via one-class learning","author":"Ikram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0695","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web","first-page":"181","article-title":"Wherefore art thou r3579x? Anonymized social networks, hidden patterns, and structural steganography","author":"Backstrom","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.10.002","article-title":"A taxonomy and survey of cyber-physical intrusion detection approaches for vehicles","volume":"84","author":"Loukas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0705","first-page":"289","article-title":"Phishing and sybil enhanced behavior processing and footprint algorithms in vehicular Ad Hoc network","volume":"12","author":"Kakulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0710","first-page":"104","article-title":"Epa-cppa: an efficient, provably-secure and anonymous conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vanet","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1064-y","article-title":"A survey of local\/cooperative-based malicious information detection techniques in vanets","volume":"2018","author":"Arshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0720","series-title":"2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TENCON Spring)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A reliable tactic for detecting black hole attack in vehicular Ad Hoc networks","author":"Dhyani","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.03.028","article-title":"Trip: a trust and reputation infrastructure-based proposal for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"35","author":"G\u00f3mez-M\u00e1rmol","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0730","author":"Sartor"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.54.2.442","article-title":"The economics of privacy","volume":"54","author":"Acquisti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0740","series-title":"PETS 2010","first-page":"1","article-title":"How unique is your web browser?","author":"Eckersley","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0745","series-title":"Social Theory Re-Wired","first-page":"203","article-title":"The age of surveillance capitalism","author":"Zuboff","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3072874","article-title":"Cname cloaking-based tracking on the web: characterization, detection, and protection","volume":"18","author":"Dao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0755","first-page":"432","article-title":"In-depth evaluation of redirect tracking and link usage","volume":"2020","author":"Koop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0760","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"674","article-title":"The web never forgets: persistent tracking mechanisms in the wild","author":"Acar","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0765","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 2018)","article-title":"Hsts supports targeted surveillance","author":"Syverson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0770","series-title":"Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 (WWW \u201921)","first-page":"2117","article-title":"Cookie swap party: abusing first-party cookies for web tracking","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0775","series-title":"NDSS 2014","first-page":"23","article-title":"Accelprint: imperfections of accelerometers make smartphones trackable","author":"Dey","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0780","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Online tracking: a 1-million-site measurement and analysis","author":"Englehardt","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0785","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (AsiaCCS \u201924)","first-page":"158","article-title":"Webgpu-spy: finding fingerprints in the sandbox through GPU cache attacks","author":"Ferguson","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0790","series-title":"DPM\/QASA 2015","first-page":"254","article-title":"The leaking battery: a privacy analysis of the html5 battery status API","author":"Olejnik","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102575","article-title":"A two-step tls-based browser fingerprinting approach using combinatorial sequences","volume":"114","author":"Garn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0800","series-title":"Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2020)","article-title":"Carnus: exploring the privacy threats of browser extension fingerprinting","author":"Karami","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0805","series-title":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"941","article-title":"Xhound: quantifying the fingerprintability of browser extensions","author":"Starov","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160855","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3131408","article-title":"Mobile device fingerprint identification using gyroscope resonance","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0815","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Everyone is different: client-side diversification for defending against extension fingerprinting","author":"Trickel","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0820","series-title":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"728","article-title":"FP- stalker: tracking browser fingerprint evolutions","author":"Vastel","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0825","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)","first-page":"93","article-title":"Annoyed users: ads and ad-block usage in the wild","author":"Pujol","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3392144","article-title":"Who filters the filters: understanding the growth, usefulness and efficiency of crowdsourced Ad blocking","volume":"4","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0835","author":"Janc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3589294","article-title":"Measuring re-identification risk","volume":"1","author":"Carey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Manag. Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900317","article-title":"Federated learning for data privacy preservation in vehicular cyber-physical systems","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700389","article-title":"Vehicle safety improvement through deep learning and mobile sensing","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104832","article-title":"Deep learning techniques for vehicle detection and classification from images\/videos: a survey","volume":"23","author":"Berwo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0860","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Recent developments in the vehicle steer-by-wire system","volume":"6","author":"Mortazavizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0865","article-title":"Adaptive frequency green light optimal speed advisory based on deep reinforcement learning","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. A: Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40168","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2854842","article-title":"Spatio-temporal network traffic estimation and anomaly detection based on convolutional neural network in vehicular Ad-Hoc networks","volume":"6","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8408","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3091014","article-title":"Using reinforcement learning to control traffic signals in a real-world scenario: an approach based on linear function approximation","volume":"23","author":"Alegre","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/forecast5040034","article-title":"Forecasting the traffic flow by using arima and LSTM models: case of muhima junction","volume":"5","author":"Katambire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forecasting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0885","first-page":"45","article-title":"A swarm algorithm for collaborative traffic in vehicular networks","volume":"14","author":"Toutouh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0890","series-title":"Cognitive Radio: A Promising Technology for Intelligent V2X Communications","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0895","first-page":"60945","article-title":"A demand-supply oriented taxi recommendation system for vehicular social networks","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0900","series-title":"2021 IEEE ISPA\/BDCloud\/SocialCom\/SustainCom","first-page":"450","article-title":"A game theoretic approach to task offloading for multi-data-source tasks in mobile edge computing","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2023.01.012","article-title":"Large-scale vehicle platooning: advances and challenges in scheduling and planning techniques","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0910","author":"Doshi-Velez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0915","series-title":"2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","first-page":"2663","article-title":"Towards blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems","author":"Yuan","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879","article-title":"Blockchain: a distributed solution to automotive security and privacy","volume":"55","author":"Dorri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2874398","article-title":"Blockchain-based internet of vehicles: distributed network architecture and performance analysis","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0930","first-page":"7821","article-title":"Blockchain for secure and efficient data sharing in vehicular edge computing and networks","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0935","first-page":"887","article-title":"Dagiov: a framework for vehicle-to-vehicle communication using directed acyclic graph and game theory","volume":"69","author":"Hassija","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17578","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895302","article-title":"A review on blockchain technologies for an advanced and cyber-resilient automotive industry","volume":"7","author":"Fraga-Lamas","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1800137","article-title":"Block4forensic: an integrated lightweight blockchain framework for forensics applications of connected vehicles","volume":"56","author":"Cebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0950","series-title":"2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain-based firmware update scheme tailored for autonomous vehicles","author":"Baza","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2868076","article-title":"Efficient and privacy-preserving carpooling using blockchain-assisted vehicular fog computing","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700269","article-title":"A blockchain-based privacy-preserving payment mechanism for vehicle-to-grid networks","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2836144","article-title":"Blockchain-based decentralized trust management in vehicular networks","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11090199","article-title":"Enhancing the 3gpp V2X architecture with information-centric networking","volume":"11","author":"Amadeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0975","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Networking named content","author":"Jacobson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0980","series-title":"2016 IEEE Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ISPA","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intelligent forwarding strategy based on online machine learning in named data networking","author":"Gong","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900516","article-title":"6g: opening new horizons for integration of comfort, security, and intelligence","volume":"27","author":"Gui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800418","article-title":"6g wireless communications: vision and potential techniques","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib0995","first-page":"96","article-title":"A speculative study on 6g","volume":"27","author":"Tariq","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133995","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010896","article-title":"6g and beyond: the future of wireless communications systems","volume":"8","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1005","series-title":"2020 14th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantum-resistant lattice-based authentication for V2X communication in c-its","author":"Ha","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1010","series-title":"2021 17th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entanglement rate optimization in heterogeneous quantum communication networks","author":"Chehimi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1015","first-page":"68","article-title":"Cooperative driving: a comprehensive perspective, the role of communications, and its potential development","volume":"189","author":"Lo Cigno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure firmware update: challenges and solutions","volume":"7","author":"Catuogno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryptography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1025","article-title":"Development of quantum-enhanced authenticated key agreement protocol for autonomous vehicles","volume":"39","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3558052","article-title":"A survey of security and privacy issues in V2X communication systems","volume":"55","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187825","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037705","article-title":"Attacks on self-driving cars and their countermeasures: a survey","volume":"8","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1040","series-title":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","first-page":"4858","article-title":"Autompc: efficient multi-party computation for secure and privacy-preserving cooperative control of connected autonomous vehicles","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6221","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1465","article-title":"Privacy and human behavior in the age of information","volume":"347","author":"Acquisti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2015.07.002","article-title":"Privacy attitudes and privacy behaviour: a review of the privacy paradox phenomenon","volume":"64","author":"Kokolakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12276","article-title":"Online privacy concerns and privacy management: a meta-analytical review","volume":"67","author":"Baruh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2006.00070.x","article-title":"The privacy paradox: personal information disclosure intentions VS. Behaviors","volume":"41","author":"Norberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Consum. Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1065","article-title":"Understanding trust and privacy in connected and autonomous vehicles: a systematic review","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1070","article-title":"Exploring user privacy perceptions and willingness to share data in connected vehicle environments","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1075","series-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth USENIX Conference on Usable Privacy and Security","first-page":"415","article-title":"Self-driving cars and data collection: privacy perceptions of networked autonomous vehicles","author":"Bloom","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1080","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems","first-page":"27","article-title":"Conditional privacy: users\u2019 perception of data privacy in autonomous driving","author":"Brell","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1085","series-title":"Proceedings 2022 Symposium on Usable Security","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of knowledge and experience on privacy decision-making in connected autonomous vehicle scenarios","author":"Cai","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1090","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","first-page":"909","article-title":"Attitudes toward vehicle-based sensing and recording","author":"Sleeper","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1095","article-title":"User trust, risk perception, and data sharing in autonomous vehicle ecosystems","volume":"132","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1100","series-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium","first-page":"4512","article-title":"Understand users\u2019 privacy perception and decision of V2X communication in connected autonomous vehicles","author":"Cai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1105","series-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2012)","first-page":":3:1","article-title":"Android permissions: user attention, comprehension, and behavior","author":"Felt","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240202","article-title":"Overcoming online information privacy concerns: an information-processing theory approach","volume":"24","author":"Hann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3613232","article-title":"Dying to divulge: the determinants of, and relationship between, desired and actual disclosure","author":"Carbone","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1120","first-page":"33","article-title":"Privacy and ethical issues in connected and autonomous vehicles","volume":"39","author":"Westin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1125","series-title":"Utility and Probability","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bounded rationality","author":"Simon","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1130","series-title":"Proceedings of CHI 2016","first-page":"5831","article-title":"Engineering information disclosure: norm shaping designs","author":"Chang","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1135","series-title":"Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nudging users toward privacy on mobile devices","author":"Balebako","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1140","series-title":"Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting","first-page":"1","article-title":"Public perceptions of self-driving cars: the case of berkeley, California","author":"Howard","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1145","article-title":"Privacy by design: the 7 foundational principles","author":"Cavoukian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1150","article-title":"HCI perspectives on privacy and trust in autonomous vehicles","volume":"179","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.04.014","article-title":"Public opinion on automated driving: results of an international questionnaire","volume":"32","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1160","series-title":"A Survey of Public Opinion About Connected Vehicles in the U.S, U.K, and Australia","author":"Schoettle","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1165","article-title":"Regulation (Eu) 2016\/679 (General Data Protection Regulation)","volume":"119","year":"2016","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1170","series-title":"ISO\/Sae 21434:2021 Road Vehicles \u2013 Cybersecurity Engineering","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1175","article-title":"Cppa-rors: a conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on revocable one-time ring signature for vanets","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/asi7060116","article-title":"Addressing the interoperability of electronic health records: the technical and semantic interoperability, preserving privacy and security framework","volume":"7","author":"Ademola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Syst. Innov."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1185","article-title":"Bv-icvs: a privacy-preserving and verifiable federated learning framework for V2X environments using blockchain and zksnarks","volume":"35","author":"Smahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983_bib1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1486870","article-title":"The biggest lie on the internet: ignoring the terms of service","volume":"21","author":"Obar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."}],"container-title":["Computer Science Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1574013726000912?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1574013726000912?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:01:34Z","timestamp":1778594494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1574013726000912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":235,"alternative-id":["S1574013726000912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-0137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-0137","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Privacy in V2X communication: A comprehensive survey of threats, defenses, and emerging technologies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Science Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosrev.2026.100983","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100983"}}