{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:17:36Z","timestamp":1788970656227,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62476137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Vision and Image Understanding"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:05:41Z","timestamp":1784304341000},"page":"104874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["SAR-Net: Structure-aware adaptive refinement network for image manipulation detection and localization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8924-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2825953","article-title":"Constrained convolutional neural networks: A new approach towards general purpose image manipulation detection","volume":"13","author":"Bayar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b2","series-title":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","first-page":"2444","article-title":"Improved DCT coefficient analysis for forgery localization in JPEG images","author":"Bianchi","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3473933","article-title":"Ean: Edge-aware network for image manipulation localization","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen,\u00a0X., Dong,\u00a0C., Ji,\u00a0J., Cao,\u00a0J., Li,\u00a0X., 2021. Image manipulation detection by multi-view multi-scale supervision. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 14185\u201314193.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01392"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3180556","article-title":"MVSS-Net: Multi-view multi-scale supervised networks for image manipulation detection","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b6","series-title":"2013 IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing","first-page":"422","article-title":"Casia image tampering detection evaluation database","author":"Dong","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b7","series-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2190402","article-title":"Rich models for steganalysis of digital images","volume":"7","author":"Fridrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b9","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b10","series-title":"2019 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops","first-page":"63","article-title":"MFC datasets: Large-scale benchmark datasets for media forensic challenge evaluation","author":"Guan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillaro,\u00a0F., Cozzolino,\u00a0D., Sud,\u00a0A., Dufour,\u00a0N., Verdoliva,\u00a0L., 2023. Trufor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 20606\u201320615.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao,\u00a0J., Zhang,\u00a0Z., Yang,\u00a0S., Xie,\u00a0D., Pu,\u00a0S., 2021. TransForensics: image forgery localization with dense self-attention. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 15055\u201315064.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01478"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo","first-page":"549","article-title":"Detecting image splicing using geometry invariants and camera characteristics consistency","author":"Hsu","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b14","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"312","article-title":"SPAN: Spatial pyramid attention network for image manipulation localization","author":"Hu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang,\u00a0Z., Wang,\u00a0X., Huang,\u00a0L., Huang,\u00a0C., Wei,\u00a0Y., Liu,\u00a0W., 2019. CCNet: Criss-cross attention for semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 603\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00069"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2636089","article-title":"Multi-scale analysis strategies in PRNU-based tampering localization","volume":"12","author":"Korus","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b17","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-022-01617-5","article-title":"Learning jpeg compression artifacts for image manipulation detection and localization","volume":"130","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon,\u00a0M.-J., Yu,\u00a0I.-J., Nam,\u00a0S.-H., Lee,\u00a0H.-K., 2021. CAT-Net: Compression artifact tracing network for detection and localization of image splicing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. pp. 375\u2013384.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00042"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin,\u00a0T.-Y., Doll\u00e1r,\u00a0P., Girshick,\u00a0R., He,\u00a0K., Hariharan,\u00a0B., Belongie,\u00a0S., 2017. Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 2117\u20132125.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu,\u00a0Y., Chen,\u00a0S., Shi,\u00a0H., Zhang,\u00a0X.-Y., Xiao,\u00a0S., Cai,\u00a0Q., 2025. MUN: Image Forgery Localization Based on M3 Encoder and UN Decoder. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 39, pp. 5685\u20135693.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i6.32606"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3189545","article-title":"PSCC-Net: Progressive spatio-channel correlation network for image manipulation detection and localization","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3424987","article-title":"Attentive and contrastive image manipulation localization with boundary guidance","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long,\u00a0J., Shelhamer,\u00a0E., Darrell,\u00a0T., 2015. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 3431\u20133440.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b25","series-title":"IML-ViT: Benchmarking image manipulation localization by vision transformer","author":"Ma","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b26","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV)","first-page":"565","article-title":"V-Net: Fully convolutional neural networks for volumetric medical image segmentation","author":"Milletari","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b27","series-title":"M2SFormer: Multi-spectral and multi-scale attention with edge-aware difficulty guidance for image forgery localization","author":"Nam","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novozamsky,\u00a0A., Mahdian,\u00a0B., Saic,\u00a0S., 2020. IMD2020: A large-scale annotated dataset tailored for detecting manipulated images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops. pp. 71\u201380.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW50321.2020.9096940"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.855406","article-title":"Exposing digital forgeries in color filter array interpolated images","volume":"53","author":"Popescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b30","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su,\u00a0L., Ma,\u00a0X., Zhu,\u00a0X., Niu,\u00a0C., Lei,\u00a0Z., Zhou,\u00a0J.-Z., 2025. Can we get rid of handcrafted feature extractors? SparseViT: Nonsemantics-centered, parameter-efficient image manipulation localization through spare-coding transformer. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 39, pp. 7024\u20137032.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i7.32754"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2020.3002101","article-title":"Media forensics and deepfakes: an overview","volume":"14","author":"Verdoliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2983686","article-title":"Deep high-resolution representation learning for visual recognition","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang,\u00a0J., Wu,\u00a0Z., Chen,\u00a0J., Han,\u00a0X., Shrivastava,\u00a0A., Lim,\u00a0S.-N., Jiang,\u00a0Y.-G., 2022. Objectformer for image manipulation detection and localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 2364\u20132373.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00240"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b35","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","first-page":"161","article-title":"COVERAGE\u2014A novel database for copy-move forgery detection","author":"Wen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu,\u00a0Y., AbdAlmageed,\u00a0W., Natarajan,\u00a0P., 2019. ManTra-Net: Manipulation tracing network for detection and localization of image forgeries with anomalous features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 9543\u20139552.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b37","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"442","article-title":"ET-Net: A generic edge-attention guidance network for medical image segmentation","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang,\u00a0T., Lin,\u00a0Q., Hu,\u00a0Y., Feng,\u00a0P., Zhang,\u00a0R., 2025. Edge-Aware Affinity Enhancement for Image Manipulation Localization. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia. pp. 324\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1145\/3746027.3755109"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou,\u00a0P., Chen,\u00a0B.-C., Han,\u00a0X., Najibi,\u00a0M., Shrivastava,\u00a0A., Lim,\u00a0S.-N., Davis,\u00a0L., 2020. Generate, segment, and refine: Towards generic manipulation segmentation. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 34, pp. 13058\u201313065.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.7007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou,\u00a0P., Han,\u00a0X., Morariu,\u00a0V.I., Davis,\u00a0L.S., 2018. Learning rich features for image manipulation detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 1053\u20131061.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00116"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou,\u00a0J., Ma,\u00a0X., Du,\u00a0X., Alhammadi,\u00a0A.Y., Feng,\u00a0W., 2023. Pre-training-free image manipulation localization through non-mutually exclusive contrastive learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 22346\u201322356.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02042"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu,\u00a0X., Ma,\u00a0X., Su,\u00a0L., Jiang,\u00a0Z., Du,\u00a0B., Wang,\u00a0X., Lei,\u00a0Z., Feng,\u00a0W., Pun,\u00a0C.-M., Zhou,\u00a0J.-Z., 2025. Mesoscopic insights: orchestrating multi-scale & hybrid architecture for image manipulation localization. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 39, pp. 11022\u201311030.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i10.33198"}],"container-title":["Computer Vision and Image Understanding"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1077314226002419?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1077314226002419?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:49:40Z","timestamp":1788968980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1077314226002419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1077314226002419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-3142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-3142","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SAR-Net: Structure-aware adaptive refinement network for image manipulation detection and localization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cviu.2026.104874","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104874"}}