{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:10:58Z","timestamp":1774051858021,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["885222-GreekSchools"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["885222-GreekSchools"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R203HRWJL9-EpicureanPolemic"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R203HRWJL9-EpicureanPolemic"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR0000029 -CUP B63C22000730005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000029 -CUP B63C22000730005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Istruzione dell&apos;Universita e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:42:44Z","timestamp":1770223364000},"page":"e00516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Near-infrared focus-stacking photogrammetry for surface morphology analysis and text recovery in Herculaneum papyri"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Danilo Paolo","family":"Pavone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0484-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara Florise","family":"Amadei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Fanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Miliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziano","family":"Ranocchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Lo svolgimento dei papiri carbonizzati","volume":"3","author":"Angeli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Papyrol. Lupiensia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib2","article-title":"Improving depth of field resolution for palynological photomicrography","volume":"12","author":"Bercovici","year":"2009","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.464.8615","article-title":"Focus stacking: comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens","volume":"464","author":"Brecko","year":"2014","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib4","series-title":"Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage","first-page":"299","article-title":"Investigation of herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast tomography","author":"Bukreeva","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging4110130","article-title":"Laser scanners for high-quality 3D and IR imaging in cultural heritage monitoring and documentation","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Imag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.21014\/acta_imeko.v10i1.828","article-title":"Thermographic and reflectographic imaging investigations on Baroque paintings preserved at the chigi palace in ariccia","volume":"10","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta IMEKO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib7","first-page":"135690M","article-title":"Infrared imaging techniques for the readability enhancement of herculaneum papyri: a comparison between technical photography and high-resolution digital microscopy","volume":"X","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib8","series-title":"3D Digital Models for Scientific Purpose","first-page":"291","author":"Cipriani","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib9","first-page":"229","article-title":"SFM technique and FOCUS stacking for digital documentation of archaeological artifacts","volume":"XLI-B5","author":"Clini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-016-0075-4","article-title":"Visible and infrared imaging spectroscopy of paintings and improved reflectography","volume":"4","author":"Delaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib11","series-title":"Analytical Chemistry for the Study of Paintings and the Detection of Forgeries. Cultural Heritage Science","article-title":"Visible and infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings and works on paper","author":"Delaney","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1353\/mns.2018.0003","article-title":"Spectral imaging methods applied to the Syriac galen palimpsest. Manuscript studies","volume":"3","author":"Easton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Schoenberg Instit. Manuscr. Stud."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.06.001","article-title":"Focus stacking technique in identification of forensically important chrysomya species (Diptera: calliphoridae)","volume":"6","author":"Elleboudy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app112211062","article-title":"ATON: an open-source framework for creating immersive, collaborative and liquid web-apps for cultural heritage","volume":"11","author":"Fanini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib15","first-page":"197","article-title":"Methods, data and tools for facilitating a 3d cultural heritage space","volume":"48","author":"Farella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Archiv. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inform. Sci. - ISPRS Archiv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib16","volume":"1","author":"Fleischer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib17","series-title":"Insect Morphology in the Age of Phylogenomics: Innovative Techniques and its Future Role in Systematics","author":"Friedrich","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2013.04.009","article-title":"3D reconstruction of small sized objects from a sequence of multi-focused images","volume":"15","author":"Gallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib19","first-page":"5","article-title":"La biblioteca di Filodemo","volume":"15","author":"Gigante","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cronache Ercolanesi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.03.023","article-title":"Thermal interactions of the AD79 Vesuvius pyroclastic density currents and their deposits at Villa dei Papiri (Herculaneum archaeological site, Italy)","volume":"490","author":"Giordano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"Part 5","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib21","first-page":"288","article-title":"3D colour imaging for cultural heritage artefacts","volume":"XXXVIII","author":"Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Archiv. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Informat. Sci. Part 5 Commission V Sympos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib22","unstructured":"https:\/\/osiris.itabc.cnr.it\/aton\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fldmyc.2019.03.013","article-title":"Focus stacking in macrophotography and microphotography","volume":"20","author":"Kibby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Field Mycol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib24","first-page":"699","article-title":"3D high-quality modeling of small and complex archaeological inscribed objects: relevant issues and proposed methodology","volume":"XLII-2\/W11","author":"Lastilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib25","first-page":"7","article-title":"L\u2019opera Sulla natura di Epicuro: un bilancio alla luce delle nuove ricerche","volume":"53","author":"Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cronache Ercolanesi"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230948","article-title":"Ultra close-range digital photogrammetry in skeletal anthropology: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Lussu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib27","series-title":"Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing","author":"Maldague","year":"2001"},{"issue":"JAN","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib28","article-title":"Reflectance, illumination, and appearance in color constancy","volume":"5","author":"McCann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib29","article-title":"Multi-image photogrammetry as a practical tool for cultural heritage survey and community engagement","volume":"43","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2017.10.008","article-title":"Metastructure of illuminations by infrared thermography","volume":"31","author":"Mercuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"issue":"712","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib31","article-title":"The use of low cost compact cameras with focus stacking functionality in entomological digitization projects","volume":"2017","author":"Mertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.05.014","article-title":"Unveiling the underprintings of a late-fifteenth-early-sixteenth century illuminated French incunabulum by infrared reflectography","volume":"40","author":"Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-011-6708-2","article-title":"Reflection infrared spectroscopy for the non-invasive in situ study of artists' pigments","volume":"106","author":"Miliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib34","series-title":"Studio E Sviluppo Di Tecniche Fotografiche per La Documentazione, Conservazione E Lo Studio Della Collezione Dei Papiri Carbonizzati Di Ercolano Nel Contesto Del Progetto Greekschools","author":"Pavone","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8898","DOI":"10.21125\/iceri.2023.2273","article-title":"The CODEX4D project: a virtual multidimensional and interdisciplinary journey into the manuscript","author":"Pietroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"ICERI2023 Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2022.01.009","article-title":"A high-resolution photogrammetric workflow based on focus stacking for the 3D modeling of small Aegean inscriptions","volume":"54","author":"Ravanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib37","article-title":"3D recording for 2D delivering-the employment of 3D models for studies and analyses","volume":"XXXVIII-5","author":"Rizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.02.018","article-title":"Construction and programming of an autonomous focus stacker","volume":"37","author":"Savazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib39","series-title":"The Library of the Villa Dei Papiri at Herculaneum","author":"Sider","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516_bib40","series-title":"Photogrammetry and Multispectral Imaging for Conservation Documentation \u2013 Tools for Heritage Specialists, New Activi","author":"Uueni","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212054826000238?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212054826000238?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:34:37Z","timestamp":1774049677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212054826000238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2212054826000238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-0548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-0548","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Near-infrared focus-stacking photogrammetry for surface morphology analysis and text recovery in Herculaneum papyri","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00516","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00516"}}