{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:09:15Z","timestamp":1780387755314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1776524241000},"page":"e00531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Digitizing historical Kannada: An OCR approach for Yakshagana scripts based on glyph-to-Unicode dictionaries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5060-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roopa","family":"G.K.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Santhi","family":"Thilagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annappa","family":"B.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b1","article-title":"Devanagari character recognition: A comprehensive literature review","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703311","article-title":"A font and size-independent OCR system for printed kannada documents using support vector machines","volume":"27","author":"Ashwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b3","series-title":"International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Information Processing","first-page":"154","article-title":"Ancient kannada handwritten character recognition from palm leaf manuscripts using pytesseract-OCR technique","author":"Bannigidad","year":"2023"},{"issue":"08","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b4","first-page":"190","article-title":"OCR for handwritten kannada language script","volume":"2","author":"Belagali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent. Trends Eng. Res.(IJRTER)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3606695","article-title":"Improving indic code-mixed to monolingual translation using mixed script augmentation, generation & transfer learning","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resource Lang. Inf. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhunia, Ayan Kumar, Das, Abhirup, Bhunia, Ankan Kumar, Kishore, Perla Sai Raj, Roy, Partha Pratim, 2019. Handwriting recognition in low-resource scripts using adversarial learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 4767\u20134776.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00490"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18655-5","article-title":"HCR-Net: A deep learning based script independent handwritten character recognition network","volume":"83","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b8","article-title":"SVTR: Scene text recognition with a single visual model","volume":"127","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b9","series-title":"Handwritten word recognition for Indic & Latin scripts using deep CNN-RNN hybrid networks","author":"Dutta","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3509605","article-title":"Advancing optical character recognition for low-resource scripts: A siamese meta-learning approach with PSN framework","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b11","series-title":"Deep learning","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Kaiming, Zhang, Xiangyu, Ren, Shaoqing, Sun, Jian, 2016. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 770\u2013778.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.31763\/viperarts.v4i2.742","article-title":"A scientific view and analysis of theatre art Yakshagana","volume":"4","author":"Hegde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vis. Perform. Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b14","series-title":"Kannada character recognition system a review","author":"Indira","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b15","first-page":"277","article-title":"Segmentation of horizontally overlapping lines in printed Indian scripts","volume":"3","author":"Jindal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolavi, Adithya, Samarth, P., Jain, Vyoman, 2025. Nayana OCR: A Scalable Framework for Document OCR in Low-Resource Languages. In: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language Models for Underserved Communities. LM4UC 2025, pp. 86\u2013103.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.lm4uc-1.11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b17","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3387632","article-title":"Lipi gnani: a versatile OCR for documents in any language printed in kannada script","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resource Lang. Inf. Process. (TALLIP)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b19","series-title":"2022 IEEE 19th India Council International Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of the key components of segmentation-free bilingual OCR for mobile phones","author":"Kumar","year":"2022"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b20","first-page":"13094","article-title":"TrOCR: Transformer-based optical character recognition with pre-trained models","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"07","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b21","first-page":"11474","article-title":"Real-time scene text detection with differentiable binarization","volume":"34","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.12720\/ijsps.1.1.74-78","article-title":"Handwritten kannada numeral recognition based on the curvelets and standard deviation","volume":"1","author":"Mamatha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b23","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on handwritten text segmentation in Indian languages","author":"Moitra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b24","series-title":"2023 4th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Security","article-title":"Comparison of OCR models on Yakshagana scripts","author":"Mukunda","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b25","volume":"vol. 1148","author":"Nain","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b26","article-title":"Document analysis and recognition: a survey","author":"Nigam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Authorea Prepr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Bangla and Oriya script lines identification from handwritten document images in tri-script scenario","volume":"7","author":"Obaidullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci. Manag. Eng. Technol. (IJSSMET)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.15649\/2346030X.4445","article-title":"A survey on Gujarati NLP research work","volume":"13","author":"Panchal","year":"2025","journal-title":"AiBi Rev. Investigaci\u00f3n Administraci\u00f3n E Ingenier\u00edA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b29","series-title":"Optical script identification for multi-lingual indic-script","author":"Poddar","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b30","first-page":"142","article-title":"Digitizing India\u2019s ancient texts: AI for tamil palm leaf manuscript preservation and accessibility","volume":"10","author":"Pradeep","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Libr. Inf. Sci. (IJRLS)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b31","article-title":"A study of different text line extraction techniques for multi-font and multi-size printed Kannada documents","volume":"119","author":"Prajna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"140","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b33","series-title":"2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kannada textual error correction using T5 model","author":"Ramaneedi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b34","series-title":"2019 IEEE International Wie Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Offline kannada handwritten character recognition using convolutional neural networks","author":"Ramesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b35","series-title":"2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies","first-page":"1","article-title":"License plate detection using yolo v8 and performance evaluation of easyocr, paddleocr and tesseract","author":"Reddy","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b36","series-title":"2008 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complete Kannada optical character recognition with syntactical analysis of the script","author":"Sagar","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b37","series-title":"2021 6th International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies","first-page":"666","article-title":"CNN based optical character recognition and applications","author":"Sarika","year":"2021"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06217-1","article-title":"Advancements in handwritten Devanagari character recognition: a study on transfer learning and VGG16 algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b39","series-title":"2024 5th International Conference for Emerging Technology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kannada character recognition using convolutional neural networks","author":"Shetty","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2646371","article-title":"An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13318-9","article-title":"Feature extraction and classification techniques for handwritten Devanagari text recognition: a survey","volume":"82","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2014.12.001","article-title":"Offline script identification from multilingual indic-script documents: a state-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b43","article-title":"Efficient text extraction and summarization using Easyocr and GPT-3.","volume":"10","author":"Sriharsha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Grenze Int. J. Eng. Technol. (GIJET)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b44","unstructured":"Susarla, Sai, Deshmukh, Parag, Gopinath, K., 2016. Architectural Considerations for Scalable Indic Document Analytics. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap Between Sanskrit Computational Linguistics Tools and Management of Sanskrit Digital Libraries. SCLWS, IIT Kharagpur, India, Held in conjunction with ICON 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00118-2","article-title":"Feature extraction methods for character recognition-a survey","volume":"29","author":"Trier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b46","first-page":"464","article-title":"Segmentation free text recognition for overlapping characters using spectral features and bidirectional recurrent wavelet neural network","volume":"10","author":"Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b47","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13071394","article-title":"A review of document binarization: Main techniques, new challenges, and trends","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531_b49","series-title":"2020 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving deep learning based optical character recognition via neural architecture search","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221205482600038X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221205482600038X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:45:09Z","timestamp":1780386309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221205482600038X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S221205482600038X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-0548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-0548","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digitizing historical Kannada: An OCR approach for Yakshagana scripts based on glyph-to-Unicode dictionaries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2026.e00531","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00531"}}