{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:17:39Z","timestamp":1773317859301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Research Funding Agencies CNPq","award":["311313\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311313\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Research Funding Agencies CNPq","award":["485368\/2013-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["485368\/2013-7"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Research Funding Agencies CNPq","award":["461777\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["461777\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"CAPES\/CNPq","award":["402991\/2012-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402991\/2012-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Data &amp; Knowledge Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]],"date-time":"2017-03-18T17:17:03Z","timestamp":1489857423000},"page":"3-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multi-level ontology-based conceptual modeling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Victorio A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo A.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudenir M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Guizzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib1","series-title":"Conceptual Modeling, Databases and CASE","first-page":"49","article-title":"Conceptual modeling and telos","author":"Mylopoulos","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib2","series-title":"Conceptual Modeling of Information Systems","author":"Oliv\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib3","series-title":"Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models","author":"Guizzardi","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib4","series-title":"Information System Concepts: An In-Depth Analysis","article-title":"An ontological evaluation of systems analysis and design methods","author":"Wand","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.1993.tb00127.x","article-title":"On the ontological expressiveness of information systems analysis and design grammars","volume":"3","author":"Wand","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib6","unstructured":"N. Guarino, Formal ontology and information systems. In Guarino, N. (ed.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Proceedings FOIS 1998. IOS Press, Amsterdam, 1998, pp. 3\u201315."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib7","article-title":"Towards ontological foundation for conceptual modeling: the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) story","volume":"10","author":"Guizzardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib8","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Defense: Data Modeling Guide (DMG) for an Enterprise Logical Data Model (ELDM). Available online: \u3008http:\/\/www.omgwiki.org\/architecture-ecosystem\/lib\/exe\/fetch.php?Media=dmg_for_enterprise_ldm_v2_3.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib9","unstructured":"B. Neumayr, K. Gr\u00fcn, M. Schrefl, Multi-level domain modeling with m-objects and m-relationships, in: Proceedings 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Conceptual Modeling, New Zealand, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Atkinson, T. K\u00fchne, The essence of multilevel modeling, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Unified Modeling Language. Toronto, Canada, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45441-1_3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.A. Carvalho, J.P.A. Almeida, Toward a well-founded theory for multi-level conceptual modeling. Software & Systems Modeling, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-016-0538-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Cardelli, Structural subtyping and the notion of power type, in: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Symposium of Principles of Programming Languages, 1988, pp. 70\u201379.","DOI":"10.1145\/73560.73566"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib13","unstructured":"J. Odell, Power types, in: J. Object-Oriented Programing, vol. 7(2), 1994, pp. 8\u201312."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.A. Carvalho, J.P.A. Almeida, C.M. Fonseca, G. Guizzardi, Extending the foundations of ontology-based conceptual modeling with a multi-level theory. in: 34rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER2015), 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25264-3_9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib15","series-title":"The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective","first-page":"111","article-title":"Identity and subsumption","author":"Guarino","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib16","series-title":"Metaphysics: An anthology","first-page":"198","article-title":"Universals as attributes","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib17","series-title":"Conceptual Spaces: The Geometry of Thought","author":"G\u00e4rdenfors","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Guarino, G. Guizzardi, We need to discuss the relationship: revisiting relationships as modeling constructs, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Advance Information Systems Engineering (CAISE 2015), Stockholm, Sweden, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19069-3_18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib19","unstructured":"A. Pirotte, E. Zimanyi, D. Massart, T. Yakusheva, Materialization: a powerful and ubiquitous abstraction pattern, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference Very Large DataBases, 1994, pp. 630\u2013641."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-007-0061-0","article-title":"Reducing accidental complexity in domain models","volume":"7","author":"Atkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib21","unstructured":"OMG: UML Superstructure Specification \u2013 Version 2.4.1 (2011)."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.07.008","article-title":"Ontological and linguistic metamodeling revisited: a language use approach","volume":"55","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib23","unstructured":"C. Atkinson, T. K\u00fchne, Meta-level independent modeling, in: International Workshop \u201cModel Engineering\u201d (in conjunction with ECOOP\u20192000), Cannes, France, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib24","series-title":"A Unified Framework for Multi-Level Modeling","author":"Kennel","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib25","series-title":"The Unified Software Development Process","author":"Jacobson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib26","series-title":"Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications","author":"Booch","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(01)00030-1","article-title":"Supporting ontological analysis of taxonomic relationships","volume":"39","author":"Welty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, N. Guarino, M. van Sinderen, An ontologically well-founded profile for UML conceptual, models, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Advances in Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25975-6_10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guizzardi, C. Masolo, S. Borgo, The defense of a trope-based ontology for conceptual modeling: an example with the foundations of attributes, weak entities and datatypes, in: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER\u20192006), Arizona, USA, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/11901181_10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guizzardi, Agent roles, qua individuals and the counting problem. Invited Chapter in Software Engineering of Multi-Agent Systems, vol. IV, P. Giorgini, A.Garcia, C. Lucena, R. Choren (eds.), Springer-Verlag, 2006).","DOI":"10.1007\/11738817_9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guizzardi, G. Guarino, J.P.A. Almeida, Ontological considerations about the representation of events and endurants in business models, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM\u201916), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45348-4_2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2014.02.022","article-title":"Using a trope-based foundational ontology for bridging different areas of concern in ontology-driven conceptual modeling","author":"Guizzardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guizzardi, G. Wagner, What\u2019s in a relationship: an ontological analysis, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER'2008), Barcelona, Spain, 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87877-3_8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Costal, C. Gom\u00e9z, G. Guizzardi, Formal semantics and ontological analysis for under-standing subsetting, specialization and redefinition of associations in UML, in: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2011), Brussels, Belgium, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24606-7_15"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A commitment-based reference ontology for services","volume":"51","author":"Nardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib36","unstructured":"D. Pereira, J.P.A. Almeida, Representing Organizational structures in an enterprise architecture language, in: 6th Workshop on Formal Ontologies meet Industry, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.A. Carvalho, J.P.A. Almeida, G. Guizzardi, Using a well-founded multi-level theory to support the analysis and representation of the powertype pattern in conceptual modeling, in: Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39696-5_19"}],"container-title":["Data &amp; Knowledge Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169023X17301052?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169023X17301052?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T18:57:42Z","timestamp":1568919462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169023X17301052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0169023X17301052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-023X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-023X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multi-level ontology-based conceptual modeling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.datak.2017.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}