{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:18:39Z","timestamp":1783163919768,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52475287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Displays"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T23:53:46Z","timestamp":1777161226000},"page":"103501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An integrated UX-informed feature framework for predicting perceived visual complexity of web GUIs using pairwise comparison data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2969687","article-title":"Combinatorial optimization of graphical user interface designs","volume":"108","author":"Oulasvirta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b2","series-title":"2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics","first-page":"1","article-title":"UI-ux design using user centred design (UCD) method","author":"Goel","year":"2022"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9131","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159131","article-title":"Design factors to improve the consistency and sustainable user experience of responsive interface design","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b4","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ueyes: Understanding visual saliency across user interface types","author":"Jiang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65570","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3398192","article-title":"One size does not fit all: Multivariant user interface personalization in e-commerce","volume":"12","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(82)90040-0","article-title":"Designerly ways of knowing","volume":"3","author":"Cross","year":"1982","journal-title":"Des. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b7","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"748","article-title":"Guigan: Learning to generate gui designs using generative adversarial networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/93.978349","article-title":"Dancing with digital interface complexity: a story approach","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE MultiMedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b9","series-title":"International Conference on Internationalization, Design and Global Development","first-page":"159","article-title":"Accommodating both expert users and novice users in one interface by utilizing multi-layer interface in complex function products","author":"Hwang","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319009525983","article-title":"The effect of screen complexity on user preference and performance","volume":"2","author":"Coll","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b11","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Keep it simple: how visual complexity and preferences impact search efficiency on websites","author":"Baughan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2021.102031","article-title":"A comprehensive appraisal of perceptual visual complexity analysis methods in GUI design","volume":"69","author":"Ak\u00e7a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b13","series-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generating automatic feedback on UI mockups with large language models","author":"Duan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b14","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guicomp: A GUI design assistant with real-time, multi-faceted feedback","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.73","article-title":"Visual complexity: a review.","volume":"132","author":"Donderi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.1.116","article-title":"Confounds in pictorial sets: The role of complexity and familiarity in basic-level picture processing","volume":"40","author":"Forsythe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.18280\/ts.390511","article-title":"A deep transfer learning based visual complexity evaluation approach to mobile user interfaces","volume":"39","author":"Ak\u00e7a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trait. Du Signal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2012.726647","article-title":"Analysing the visual complexity of web pages using document structure","volume":"32","author":"Harper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102523","article-title":"Automated prediction of visual complexity of web pages: Tools and evaluations","volume":"145","author":"Michailidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59671-2_16","article-title":"Spatial complexity, visual complexity and aesthetics","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat. Complex.: Theory, Math. Methods Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b21","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting and explaining mobile ui tappability with vision modeling and saliency analysis","author":"Schoop","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4424-4","article-title":"Photo aesthetic quality estimation using visual complexity features","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b23","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual complexity of graphical user interfaces","author":"Miniukovich","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b24","series-title":"The Elements of User Experience","author":"Garrett","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102574","article-title":"UX information in the daily work of an agile team: A distributed cognition analysis","volume":"147","author":"Zaina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.06.006","article-title":"Assessment model for perceived visual complexity of painting images","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106925","article-title":"Building\u2019s fractal dimension trend and its application in visual complexity map","volume":"178","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.010","article-title":"User evaluations of design complexity: The impact of visual perceptions for effective online health communication","volume":"83","author":"Lazard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2020.102949","article-title":"Visual complexity analysis using deep intermediate-layer features","volume":"195","author":"Saraee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2023.101970","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of parametric CAD model complexity and its relationship to perceived modeling complexity","volume":"56","author":"Contero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2024.103849","article-title":"Is mouse dynamics information credible for user behavior research? An empirical investigation","volume":"90","author":"Kuric","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103019","article-title":"Calista: A deep learning-based system for understanding and evaluating website aesthetics","volume":"175","author":"Delitzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2018.05.005","article-title":"User interface design smell: Automatic detection and refactoring of blob listeners","volume":"102","author":"Blouin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b34","series-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"165","article-title":"Automated reporting of GUI design violations for mobile apps","author":"Moran","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-022-00910-x","article-title":"Modeling how different user groups perceive webpage aesthetics","volume":"22","author":"Leiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inform. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.106969","article-title":"A deep learning-based automated framework for functional user interface testing","volume":"150","author":"Khaliq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51501","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3173289","article-title":"User experience design using machine learning: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102919","article-title":"Predicting interaction effort in web interface widgets","volume":"168","author":"Gardey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.11.006","article-title":"Webthetics: Quantifying webpage aesthetics with deep learning","volume":"124","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"issue":"EICS","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3593230","article-title":"Evaluating a large language model on searching for GUI layouts","volume":"7","author":"Brie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. the ACM Human-Computer Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b41","series-title":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards an evaluation of graphical user interfaces aesthetics based on metrics","author":"Zen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b42","series-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","first-page":"1","article-title":"UIClip: a data-driven model for assessing user interface design","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1498700.1498704","article-title":"Toward a definition of visual complexity as an implicit measure of cognitive load","volume":"6","author":"Harper","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. (TAP)"},{"issue":"EICS","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3593224","article-title":"A quality model-based approach for measuring user interface aesthetics with grace","volume":"7","author":"Zen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Human-Computer Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2019.2891126","article-title":"Is my interface beautiful?\u2014a computational model-based approach","volume":"6","author":"Maity","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b46","series-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","first-page":"16","article-title":"Aalto interface metrics (AIM): A service and codebase for computational GUI evaluation","author":"Oulasvirta","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b47","series-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Predicting users\u2019 first impressions of website aesthetics with a quantification of perceived visual complexity and colorfulness","author":"Reinecke","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b48","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","first-page":"153","article-title":"Quantification of interface visual complexity","author":"Miniukovich","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwy008","article-title":"Measuring visual user interface complexity of mobile applications with metrics","volume":"30","author":"Riegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2435215.2435216","article-title":"Measuring the visual complexities of web pages","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Web (TWEB)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b51","series-title":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Appaction: Automatic GUI interaction for mobile apps via holistic widget perception","author":"Hu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.09.003","article-title":"Reusing UI elements with model-based user interface development","volume":"86","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.07.005","article-title":"Assessment model for perceived visual complexity of automotive instrument cluster","volume":"46","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b54","series-title":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","first-page":"103","article-title":"Objective metrics for assessing visual complexity of vehicle dashboards: A machine-learning based study","author":"Bai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b55","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","first-page":"101","article-title":"Evaluation of visual balance for automated layout","author":"Lok","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b56","series-title":"Web Engineering: 19th International Conference, ICWE 2019, Daejeon, South Korea, June 11\u201314, 2019, Proceedings 19","first-page":"253","article-title":"Entropy and compression based analysis of web user interfaces","author":"Boychuk","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b57","series-title":"Website apppc ranking","author":"APPPC","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b58","series-title":"2016 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Binary stable embedding via paired comparisons","author":"Massimino","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478336","article-title":"On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: I. Effect of inherent characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Landau","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b60","first-page":"19","article-title":"Landau\u2019s theorem revisited","volume":"20","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australas. J. Comb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3232328","article-title":"Ic9600: A benchmark dataset for automatic image complexity assessment","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b62","series-title":"The Method of Paired Comparisons","volume":"vol. 12","author":"David","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b63","series-title":"2011 49th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton)","first-page":"776","article-title":"Ranking: Compare, don\u2019t score","author":"Ammar","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b64","series-title":"Modeling Performance Measurement: Applications and Implementation Issues in DEA","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24138-8_15","article-title":"Ranking players in round robin tournaments","year":"2005","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780387241388"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmaa.2023.127541","article-title":"Perron-frobenius type theorem for nonnegative tubal matrices in the sense of t-product","volume":"528","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Math. Anal. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2019.1602167","article-title":"The influence of visual complexity on initial user impressions: Testing the persuasive model of web design","volume":"39","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1606976","article-title":"Objective design to subjective evaluations: Connecting visual complexity to aesthetic and usability assessments of ehealth","volume":"36","author":"Lazard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b68","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second African Conference for Human Computer Interaction: Thriving Communities","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the effect of literacy on signs in GUI design","author":"Saleh","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b69","series-title":"JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: Activate Your Web Pages","author":"Flanagan","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b70","series-title":"Classics on Fractals","first-page":"258","article-title":"The dimension of cartesian product sets","author":"Marstrand","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b71","series-title":"WEBIST","first-page":"439","article-title":"An interaction effort score for web pages","author":"Gardey","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b72","series-title":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","first-page":"1774","article-title":"UX-analyzer: Visualizing the interaction effort for web analytics","author":"Gardey","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b73","series-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"One metric for all: Calculating interaction effort of individual widgets","author":"Grigera","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b74","series-title":"Human-Computer Interaction: Design and Evaluation: 17th International Conference, HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part I 17","first-page":"426","article-title":"Reduce complexity by increasing abstraction in interactive visual components","author":"Teixeira-Faria","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b75","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sigchi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1341","article-title":"User see, user point: gaze and cursor alignment in web search","author":"Huang","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b76","series-title":"System, method and apparatus for providing an application carousel","author":"Mullen","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.151","article-title":"Interaction techniques for selecting and manipulating subgraphs in network visualizations","volume":"15","author":"McGuffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-11-2021-0821","article-title":"The effects of dynamic prompt and background transparency of hover feedback design on the user interface of shopping websites","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2020.1784282","article-title":"Do not allow pop-up ads to appear too early: Internet users\u2019 browsing behaviour to pop-up ads","volume":"40","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b80","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Grids: Interactive layout design with integer programming","author":"Dayama","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b81","series-title":"International Andrei Ershov Memorial Conference on Perspectives of System Informatics","first-page":"167","article-title":"Data compression algorithms in analysis of UI layouts visual complexity","author":"Bakaev","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b82","series-title":"International Conference on Software Testing, Machine Learning and Complex Process Analysis","first-page":"3","article-title":"Algorithm for mapping layout grids in user interfaces: Automating the \u201csquint test\u201d","author":"Bakaev","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/93.978356","article-title":"Evaluating web page color and layout adaptations","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE MultiMedia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2023.2226849","article-title":"Effects of background colour, polarity, and saturation on digital icon status recognition and visual search performance","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b85","series-title":"MUI: React UI library","author":"Material U.I.","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b86","series-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1535","article-title":"GUI testing using computer vision","author":"Chang","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b87","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational","first-page":"31","article-title":"Visual impressions of mobile app interfaces","author":"Miniukovich","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8090248","article-title":"On the quantification of visual texture complexity","volume":"8","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/17.5.7","article-title":"Visual wetness perception based on image color statistics","volume":"17","author":"Sawayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105802","article-title":"Measuring continuous landscape patterns with gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) indices: An alternative to patch metrics?","volume":"109","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b91","series-title":"Oxford English Dictionary","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.05.037","article-title":"Vision and touch: Independent or integrated systems for the perception of texture?","volume":"1242","author":"Whitaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2012.09.042","article-title":"Multi-scale gray level co-occurrence matrices for texture description","volume":"120","author":"De Siqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b94","series-title":"2018 2nd East Indonesia Conference on Computer and Information Technology","first-page":"351","article-title":"Comparison of canny and centroid on face recognition process using gray level cooccurrence matrix and probabilistic neural network","author":"Putra","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b95","unstructured":"OpenCV, (n.d.), Canny Edge Detection \u2014 OpenCV-Python Tutorials, URL https:\/\/docs.opencv.org\/4.x\/da\/d22\/tutorial_py_canny.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0392-0","article-title":"The canny edge detector revisited","volume":"91","author":"McIlhagga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13728","article-title":"Subjective modeling choices and the robustness of impact evaluations in conservation science","volume":"35","author":"Desbureaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-016-0462-y","article-title":"Usability evaluation of website using combined weighted method: Fuzzy AHP and entropy approach","volume":"7","author":"Nagpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s13748-023-00301-0","article-title":"Attention and self-attention in random forests","volume":"12","author":"Utkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-024-00399-5","article-title":"Predictive modeling of ALS progression: an XGBoost approach using clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioData Min."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.9.4789","article-title":"The effects of quantity, order, and spatial proximity of elements on subjective complexity judgment","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b103","series-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"367","article-title":"Statistical profiles of highly-rated web sites","author":"Ivory","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b104","series-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"53","article-title":"Empirically validated web page design metrics","author":"Ivory","year":"2001"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab084","article-title":"Novel approach for parallelizing pairwise comparison problems as applied to detecting segments identical by decent in whole-genome data","volume":"37","author":"Sapin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"EICS","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b106","first-page":"1","article-title":"AB4Web: An on-line A\/B tester for comparing user interface design alternatives","volume":"3","author":"Vanderdonckt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. the ACM Human-Computer Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b107","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine","first-page":"3903","article-title":"The impact of dynamic icons on mobile APP interfaces: Evidence from EEG and eye-tracking signals","author":"Yang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501_b108","series-title":"International Conference on Advancements in Interdisciplinary Research","first-page":"544","article-title":"Cognitive workload estimation using eye tracking: a review","author":"Pradhan","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Displays"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226001642?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226001642?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:36:16Z","timestamp":1783161376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0141938226001642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S0141938226001642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9382","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An integrated UX-informed feature framework for predicting perceived visual complexity of web GUIs using pairwise comparison data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Displays","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103501","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103501"}}