{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1780301301986,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Displays"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1779897083000},"page":"103558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Large language model-assisted virtual reality application for fibromyalgia neuropathic pain rehabilitation integrated with traditional Chinese Tai Chi: An interaction design perspective with EEG-Based cognitive assessment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1876-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.105568","article-title":"Virtual reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management","volume":"114","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R120","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2783","article-title":"The revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQR): validation and psychometric properties","volume":"11","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0015","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia","volume":"2017","author":"Bidonde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"194","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0020","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS \u2014 a quick and dirty usability scale","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Evaluation in Industry"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11708","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111708","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation in shaping neuroplasticity and recovery outcomes following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Calderone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","article-title":"Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.07.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of Tai Chi on fibromyalgia patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2004.03.002","article-title":"Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion","volume":"67","author":"Coan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.02.011","article-title":"Effects of exergames on quality of life, pain, and disease effect in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Collado-Mateo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111167","article-title":"Virtual reality-based therapy reduces the disabling impact of fibromyalgia syndrome in women: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personalized Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.035","article-title":"Robust detrending, rereferencing, outlier detection, and inpainting for multichannel data","volume":"172","author":"De Cheveign\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0060","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Khaled, R., Nacke, L. E., & Dixon, D. (2011). Gamification: Toward a definition. In CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop Proceedings (Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 1\u20134)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.3.356","article-title":"Pain demands attention: a cognitive\u2013affective model of the interruptive function of pain","volume":"125","author":"Eccleston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000196","article-title":"Integrating virtual reality with activity management for the treatment of fibromyalgia: acceptability and preliminary efficacy","volume":"31","author":"Garcia-Palacios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000064","article-title":"A rapid evidence assessment of immersive virtual reality as an adjunct therapy in acute pain management in clinical practice","volume":"30","author":"Garrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.4.374","article-title":"High-resolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory: effects of task difficulty, type of processing, and practice","volume":"7","author":"Gevins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0090","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: one year in review 2023","volume":"41","author":"Giorgi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342833","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Goudman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.22","article-title":"Fibromyalgia","volume":"1","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3725-2","article-title":"Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9248-7","article-title":"Virtual reality as an adjunctive non-pharmacologic analgesic for acute burn pain during medical procedures","volume":"41","author":"Hoffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12131312","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality on rehabilitation of chronic non-specific low back pain patients","volume":"12","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.04.002","article-title":"Advances in user-training for mental-imagery-based BCI control: Psychological and cognitive factors and their neural correlates","volume":"228","author":"Jeunet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0125","first-page":"953","article-title":"Ba-Duan-Jin alleviates pain and fibromyalgia-related symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia: results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2016.10.002","article-title":"Gamification for health and wellbeing: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.014","article-title":"The ups and downs of beta oscillations in sensorimotor cortex","volume":"245","author":"Kilavik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","article-title":"Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information","volume":"16","author":"Klimesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25325","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25325","article-title":"Tai Chi for chronic pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184","article-title":"Benefits, limits, and risks of GPT-4 as an AI chatbot for medicine","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724","article-title":"EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia","volume":"76","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00279","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality and virtual embodiment for pain relief","volume":"13","author":"Matamala-Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0170","series-title":"Usability engineering","author":"Nielsen","year":"1994"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2023.12000","article-title":"Pros and cons of using artificial intelligence chatbots for musculoskeletal rehabilitation management","volume":"53","author":"Rossettini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2395253","article-title":"Functional rehabilitation of the paralyzed upper extremity after spinal cord injury by noninvasive hybrid neuroprostheses","volume":"103","author":"Rupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.09.004","article-title":"Minimal clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale","volume":"8","author":"Salaffi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.05.011","article-title":"A systematic review of gamification in e-Health","volume":"71","author":"Sardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00506-w","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: an update on clinical characteristics, aetiopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Sarzi-Puttini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2","article-title":"Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: mechanisms and progress","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.11.132","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of 2D pose estimation with MediaPipe for physiotherapy exercises","volume":"251","author":"Simoes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.05.019","article-title":"The impact of Tai Chi and Qigong mind-body exercises on motor and non-motor function and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0225","series-title":"Immersive EEG: Evaluating Electroencephalography in Virtual Reality","first-page":"1794","author":"Tauscher","year":"2019"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","article-title":"Large language models in medicine","volume":"29","author":"Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00401","article-title":"Estimating cognitive workload in an interactive virtual reality environment using EEG","volume":"13","author":"Tremmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002060","article-title":"Virtual reality approaches to pain: toward a state of the science","volume":"162","author":"Trost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1203670","article-title":"Virtual reality for pain management: an umbrella review","volume":"10","author":"Viderman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912611","article-title":"A randomized trial of tai chi for fibromyalgia","volume":"363","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0255","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Proces. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/11500","article-title":"The mHealth app usability questionnaire (MAUQ): development and validation study","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.07.007","article-title":"Wireless EEG with individualized channel layout enables efficient motor imagery training","volume":"126","author":"Zich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/app16031202","article-title":"Accuracy and Reliability of Markerless Human Pose Estimation for Upper Limb Kinematic Analysis across Full and Partial Range of Motion Tasks","volume":"16","author":"Francia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-03910-0","article-title":"Yoga pose classification: a CNN and MediaPipe inspired deep learning approach for real-world application","volume":"14","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Hum. Comput."}],"container-title":["Displays"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226002210?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226002210?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:54:57Z","timestamp":1780300497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0141938226002210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0141938226002210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9382","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Large language model-assisted virtual reality application for fibromyalgia neuropathic pain rehabilitation integrated with traditional Chinese Tai Chi: An interaction design perspective with EEG-Based cognitive assessment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Displays","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103558"}}