{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T01:59:38Z","timestamp":1780797578388,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Displays"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:35:48Z","timestamp":1780443348000},"page":"103560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Display brightness perception model based on luminance spatial distribution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4998-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yishi","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153516677559","article-title":"Visual fatigue following long-term visual display terminal work under different light sources","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2019.03.003","article-title":"Effects of display technologies on operation performances and visual fatigue","volume":"57","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Displays"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11325","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11325","article-title":"Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night","volume":"5","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397187568","article-title":"Psychosocial aspects of working with video display terminals (VDTs) and employee physical and mental health","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.16367","article-title":"P\u20103.1: research on display brightness perception and visual comfort representation model","volume":"54","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16912","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.016912","article-title":"Adaptive display luminance for viewing smartphones under low illuminance","volume":"23","author":"Na","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2004.00223.x","article-title":"Visual stress theory and its application to reading and reading tests","volume":"27","author":"Wilkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2015.2389212","article-title":"Overview of measurement methods for factors affecting the human visual system in 3D displays","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Disp. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments","volume":"31","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.17191","article-title":"P\u20103.8: differences in visual comfort of smartphones between comfortable and uncomfortable luminance","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0055","unstructured":"International Commission on Illumination, Rec. CIE 218:2016 TR. Research Roadmap for Healthful Interior Lighting Applications, 2016."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.155","article-title":"WLD: a robust local image descriptor","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0065","unstructured":"Boring, E. G., Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. (1942)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jsid.755","article-title":"Influence of the ambient illuminance on the subjective brightness measurements","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soc. Inf. Disp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.09.004","article-title":"Brightness perception changes related to pupil size","volume":"178","author":"Sulutvedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066221094757","article-title":"The influence of pupil responses on subjective brightness perception","volume":"51","author":"Wardhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14423","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.014423","article-title":"Exploring the applicability of the CAM18sl brightness prediction","volume":"27","author":"Hermans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.451265","article-title":"Towards an image-based brightness model for self-luminous stimuli","volume":"30","author":"Phung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22546","article-title":"Relationship between pupillary size, brightness, and photoreceptor responses for unrelated self\u2010luminous stimuli at low photopic light levels","volume":"45","author":"Sandoval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2150\/jlve.29.123","article-title":"Impression of brightness of a space judged by Information from the entire space","volume":"29","author":"Kato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Light & vis. Env."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535950270020401","article-title":"Perceived room brightness: pilot study on the effect of luminance distribution","volume":"27","author":"Tiller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lighting Res Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/jsid.1195","article-title":"Pupil size estimation model based on luminance and chromaticity spatial distribution","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soc. Inf. Disp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013097","article-title":"Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina","volume":"298","author":"Bowmaker","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41371-3","article-title":"Numerical correlation between non-visual metrics and brightness metrics\u2014Implications for the evaluation of indoor white lighting systems in the photopic range","volume":"13","author":"Khanh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0125","series-title":"\u201cNeuroscience","author":"Purves","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0130","unstructured":"Zhang Y., Applied Optics, the third ed, Beijing: Publishing house of electronics industry. 2008."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.477637","article-title":"Assessment of spatial brightness for a visual field in interior spaces based on indirect corneal illuminance","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.17185","article-title":"P-3.2: a study on perceptual brightness model related to pupil size","volume":"55","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15637","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.485949","article-title":"Deriving and dissecting an equally bright reference boundary","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2021.102066","article-title":"Spectral influence of the normal LCD, blue-shifted LCD, and OLED smartphone displays on visual fatigue: a comparative study","volume":"69","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0155","unstructured":"Y. Histake, M. Takemoto, S. Kubota. Required Performance of Electronic Displays for Smartphones Revealed by the Survey Results. Proceedings of the International Display Workshops (2014), VHF6-1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0160","unstructured":"International Telecommunications Union, Rec. ITU-R BT.500- 11. Std. Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures. 2002."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.9734\/BJAST\/2015\/14975","article-title":"Likert scale: explored and explained","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"British J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.18484","article-title":"P\u201024: modeling for display brightness perception based on retina imaging","volume":"56","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002766","article-title":"Stevens\u2019s brightness law, contrast gain control, and edge integration in achromatic color perception: a unified model","volume":"24","author":"Rudd","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/12.10.12","article-title":"A unified formula for light-adapted pupil size","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0185","article-title":"Luminance evaluation and control method for glass curtain wall LED media facade displays based on human visual perception","volume":"103335","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.10.027","article-title":"Calculation of the Unified Glare Rating based on luminance maps for uniform and non-uniform light sources","volume":"84","author":"Scheir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29899","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.430747","article-title":"Indoor lighting design for healthier workplaces: natural and electric light assessment for suitable circadian stimulus","volume":"29","author":"Aguilar-Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0200","first-page":"313","article-title":"Visual comfort in using different VDT screens","volume":"5","author":"Saito","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Human-Comput. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.36463\/idw.2024.0876","article-title":"Modeling for perceived brightness and visual comfort in augmented reality display","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Display Workshops"}],"container-title":["Displays"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226002234?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141938226002234?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T01:11:58Z","timestamp":1780794718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0141938226002234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0141938226002234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9382","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Display brightness perception model based on luminance spatial distribution","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Displays","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103560","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103560"}}