{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1785225767514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1305102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1305102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:56:18Z","timestamp":1779206178000},"page":"103818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimization of landscape connectivity: A directed dynamic ecological network topology perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Ruobin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shurong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-009-0101-3","article-title":"A case study of urban ecological networks and a sustainable city: Tehran's metropolitan area","volume":"13","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.106092","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics and robustness analysis of the thermal network in Beijing, China","volume":"119","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-025-02691-x","article-title":"Geography and availability of natural habitat determine whether cropland intensification or expansion is more detrimental to biodiversity","volume":"9","author":"Ceau\u0219u","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.105018","article-title":"A framework for integrating ecosystem service provision and connectivity in ecological spatial networks: a case study of the Shanghai metropolitan area","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0025","series-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/math6070119","article-title":"Ecological diversity: measuring the unmeasurable","volume":"6","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0035","article-title":"Ecological and human use traits shape lemur-tree interaction networks across human-modified landscapes","volume":"62","author":"DeSisto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A note on two problems in connexion with graphs","volume":"1","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102749","article-title":"Evaluation and optimization of urban hydrological connectivity based on graph theory: a case study in Chengdu, China","volume":"82","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2011.07.003","article-title":"Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the loess plateau of China","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101589","article-title":"Service accessibility of ecological nodes: an exploratory way to enhance network connectivity in a study case of Wu'an, China","volume":"69","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143504","article-title":"Graph theory in ecological network analysis: a systematic review for connectivity assessment","volume":"472","author":"Hashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2025.107764","article-title":"Mechanisms of ecosystem function enhancement under land ecosystem restoration patterns and responses to multiple scenarios: a complex network approach","volume":"158","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135512","article-title":"Incorporating circuit theory, complex networks, and carbon offsets into the multi-objective optimization of ecological networks: a case study on karst regions in China","volume":"383","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0075","article-title":"Integrating \u201cquality-risk-demand\u201d framework and circuit theory to identify spatial range and priority area of ecological security pattern in a rapidly urbanizing landscape","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eco. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0080","article-title":"Towards an ecological informatics scholarship that is reflective, repeatable, transparent, and sharable!","volume":"76","author":"Huettmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eco. Inform."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(95)00197-O","article-title":"Nature conservation planning in Europe: developing ecological networks","volume":"32","author":"Jongman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"issue":"7542","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14258","article-title":"Defining the Anthropocene","volume":"519","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143623","article-title":"Can ecological zoning act as an environmental management tool for protecting regional habitat quality: causal evidence from the national key ecological function zone in China","volume":"475","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-025-02211-z","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem health and human footprint in ecological function zoning: a framework for sustainable landscape management in Sanchuan River watershed, China","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137961","article-title":"Construction of an ecological security network in the Fenhe River basin and its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics","volume":"417","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.03.006","article-title":"Ecological connectivity analysis to reduce the barrier effect of roads. An innovative graph-theory approach to define wildlife corridors with multiple paths and without bottlenecks","volume":"139","author":"Loro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4443","article-title":"Robustness test of multiple protection strategies for ecological networks from the perspective of complex networks: evidence from Wuhan metropolitan area, China","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2024.107464","article-title":"A conceptual framework for constructing and evaluating directed ecological networks: evidence from Wuhan metropolitan area, China","volume":"106","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9700-5","article-title":"Landscape connectivity analysis for conservation: insights from combining new methods with ecological and genetic data","volume":"27","author":"Luque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123396","article-title":"Ecological compensation based on multiscale ecosystem carbon sequestration service flow","volume":"372","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1861.1","article-title":"Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology, evolution, and conservation","volume":"89","author":"McRae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169004","article-title":"Incorporating network topology and ecosystem services into the optimization of ecological network: a case study of the Yellow River Basin","volume":"912","author":"Men","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125183","article-title":"Integrating key species distribution and ecosystem service flows to build directed ecological network: evidence from the Shiyang River basin, China","volume":"381","author":"Men","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.05.010","article-title":"Analysing land cover and land use change processes at watershed level: a multitemporal study in the Lake Cuitzeo watershed, Mexico (1975\u20132003)","volume":"31","author":"Mendoza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112494","article-title":"Implementation of multispecies ecological networks at the regional scale: analysis and multi-temporal assessment","volume":"289","author":"Modica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.108138","article-title":"Revealing the dynamic biological flow between eastern and western China from the perspective of ecological network","volume":"116","author":"Mu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0165","article-title":"An enhanced ecological network for spatial planning considering spatial conflicts and structural resilience","volume":"7","author":"Mu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2162","article-title":"Communities, modules and large-scale structure in networks","volume":"8","author":"Newman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106217","article-title":"An integrated approach to support a river ecological network: a case study from the Mediterranean","volume":"119","author":"Nucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015","article-title":"Ecological networks: a spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes","volume":"75","author":"Opdam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0185","article-title":"Assessing ecological connectivity in the Serra do Cando and Serra do Cand\u00e1n area of Galicia: a multitemporal classification and least-cost path modelling approach","volume":"86","author":"Peco-Costas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eco. Inform."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024EF004994","article-title":"Unveiling decoupled social-ecological networks of Great Lake Basin: an ecosystem services approach","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth's Future"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.04.002","article-title":"Global spatially explicit carbon emissions from land-use change over the past six decades (1961\u20132020)","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0200","article-title":"Integrating circuit theory and network modeling to identify ecosystem carbon sequestration service flow networks","volume":"87","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eco. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.12.022","article-title":"Forest patch connectivity diagnostics and prioritization using graph theory","volume":"251","author":"Shanthala Devi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104579","article-title":"A multi-scale analysis framework of different methods used in establishing ecological networks","volume":"228","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2023.110380","article-title":"Improving landscape ecological network connectivity in urbanizing areas from dual dimensions of structure and function","volume":"482","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105079","article-title":"Enhancing ecological network establishment with explicit species information and spatially coordinated optimization for supporting urban landscape planning and management","volume":"248","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3536","article-title":"Scale effects of sediment retention, water yield, and net primary production: a case-study of the Chinese loess plateau","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-024-01799-y","article-title":"Integrating the functions and structures to assess ecological network sustainability under climate change scenarios","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0235","first-page":"19","article-title":"Evaluation method of node importance in directed-weighted complex network based on multiple influence matrix","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/land12081529","article-title":"Construction and optimization of an ecological network in Funiu Mountain area based on MSPA and MCR models, China","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2025.126962","article-title":"Construction of a social ecological security pattern based on the supply and demand of ecosystem services","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124726","article-title":"Ecological flow evaluation method based on habitat diversity index \u2014\u2014an empirical study from the upper Yalong River in China","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112599","article-title":"Multi-scenario simulation prediction of land use in Nanchang based on network robustness analysis","volume":"167","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"issue":"8054","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08569-5","article-title":"Global biodiversity loss from outsourced deforestation","volume":"639","author":"Wiebe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2024.108075","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of soil erosion and its driving mechanisms - a case study: Loess Plateau, China","volume":"242","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0270","article-title":"Transboundary ecological network communities based on natural protected areas: a case study of the Mekong River basin, Asia","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5067","article-title":"Research on the coupled mechanism of landscape connectivity simulation by integrating multi-level ecological security patterns and multi-scenario simulation: a case study of the main urban area of Hangzhou","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04505-x","article-title":"The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on plant functional traits and functional diversity: what do we know so far?","volume":"191","author":"Zambrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-022-00362-4","article-title":"Hydrological alteration and biodiversity change along the river network caused by anthropogenic activities and climate variability","volume":"11","author":"Zolfagharpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103866","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000}}],"container-title":["Ecological Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1574954126002244?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1574954126002244?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:45:53Z","timestamp":1785224753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1574954126002244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1574954126002244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-9541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-9541","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization of landscape connectivity: A directed dynamic ecological network topology perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecological Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2026.103818","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103818"}}