{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:05:29Z","timestamp":1775145929652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy Conversion and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T16:26:58Z","timestamp":1760200018000},"page":"120635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Adopting Ground Source Heat Pumps in Commercial Buildings: Nationwide Analysis of Energy Savings and Decarbonization Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"348","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0617-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsik","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0005","article-title":"Towards low carbon pathway of the commercial building sector for 2070: Lessons from China","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Energy Symp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol6020041","article-title":"Assessment of HVAC Performance and Savings in Office Buildings Using Data-Driven Method","volume":"6","author":"Borodinecs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.12.115","article-title":"Energy savings from temperature setpoints and deadband: Quantifying the influence of building and system properties on savings","volume":"165","author":"Ghahramani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.03.044","article-title":"An analysis of the factors affecting hybrid ground-source heat pump installation potential in North America","volume":"125","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.034","article-title":"Ground source heat pump carbon emissions and primary energy reduction potential for heating in buildings in Europe\u2014results of a case study in Portugal","volume":"45","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0030","article-title":"Analysis of 50 Energy Efficient Net Zero Energy buildings","volume":"67","author":"Traxler","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASHRAE J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., et al., Grid cost and total emissions reductions through mass deployment of geothermal heat pumps for building heating and cooling electrification in the United States. 2023, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States).","DOI":"10.2172\/2224191"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.04.003","article-title":"Realistic pathways to decarbonization of building energy systems","volume":"6","author":"Garimella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.07.013","article-title":"Assessing the potential to reduce US building CO2 emissions 80% by 2050","volume":"3","author":"Langevin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol2020014","article-title":"Critical review on efficiency of ground heat exchangers in heat pump systems","volume":"2","author":"Eswiasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clean Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.01.123","article-title":"Modelling ground source heat pump system by an integrated simulation programme","volume":"134","author":"Rui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/er.1099","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of a ground\u2010source heat pump system for district heating","volume":"29","author":"Hepbasli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Energy Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13378","DOI":"10.3390\/en81212365","article-title":"Study on the performance of a ground source heat pump system assisted by solar thermal storage","volume":"8","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.027","article-title":"Primary-secondary de-coupled ground source heat pump systems coefficient of performance optimization through entering water temperature control","volume":"96","author":"Marmaras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., M. Malhotra, and Z. Xiong, Case Study for the ARRA-funded Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Demonstration at Wilders Grove Solid Waste Service Center in Raleigh, NC. 2017, Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States).","DOI":"10.2172\/1408664"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.09.084","article-title":"Net-zero nation: HVAC and PV systems for residential net-zero energy buildings across the United States","volume":"177","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energ Conver Manage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202200049","article-title":"Optimal Dispatch of Water Source Heat Pump Regional Energy Systems based on Neighborhood Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energ Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021604","article-title":"Comparison of short and long-term energy performance and decarbonization potentials between cogeneration and GSHP systems under MARKAL scenarios","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0095","article-title":"Study on engineering design and cost performance of borehole heat exchangers","volume":"2015","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Math Probl Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/01436244221148306","article-title":"Mock-up experimental study on the performance of a combined cooling-domestic hot water-ground source heat pump system","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build Serv Eng Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., et al., Impacts of prospective LEED building's energy loads on a borehole heat exchanger: A case study in Central Illinois. 2022.","DOI":"10.22488\/okstate.22.000030"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217407","article-title":"A method to analyze the performance of geocooling systems with borehole heat exchangers. results in a monitored residential building in southern alps","volume":"14","author":"Belliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165543","article-title":"Exploring the impact of a district sharing strategy on application capacity and carbon emissions for heating and cooling with GSHP systems","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0120","unstructured":"Nazmabadi, R. and A. Hakaki-Fard, On the thermal performance of spiral-coil energy piles in a cold climate."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0125","unstructured":"Spitler, J., J. Cook, and X. Liu, A preliminary investigation on the cost reduction potential of optimizing bore fields for commercial ground source heat pump systems. 2020, Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0130","unstructured":"Liu, X., et al., An analysis on cost reduction potential of vertical bore ground heat exchangers used for ground source heat pump systems. 2019, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.3390\/en7085460","article-title":"National deployment of domestic geothermal heat pump technology: Observations on the UK experience 1995\u20132013","volume":"7","author":"Rees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0140","series-title":"in Proceedings world geothermal congress","article-title":"Rapid development of China\u2019s geothermal industry\u2014China National Report of the 2020 world geothermal conference","author":"Tian","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0145","unstructured":"Simpson, J.G., et al., National Modeling of Geothermal District Energy Systems with Ambient-Temperature Loops Using dGeo. 2024, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1080\/23744731.2024.2394358","article-title":"Large-scale energy cost optimization and performance analysis for dedicated outdoor air system: simulation results from ASHRAE RP-1865","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Technol Built Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110371","article-title":"Simulation-based assessment of ASHRAE Guideline 36, considering energy performance, indoor air quality, and control stability","volume":"240","author":"Faulkner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.03.035","article-title":"Nationwide savings analysis of energy conservation measures in buildings","volume":"188","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energ Conver Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115727","article-title":"Nationwide HVAC energy-saving potential quantification for office buildings with occupant-centric controls in various climates","volume":"279","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.031","article-title":"A study on energy and CO2 saving potential of ground source heat pump system in India","volume":"32","author":"Sivasakthivel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0175","first-page":"42","article-title":"Decarbonizing with Heat Pumps-Most do","volume":"67","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Some Don't ASHRAE Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(00)00114-6","article-title":"EnergyPlus: creating a new-generation building energy simulation program","volume":"33","author":"Crawley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energ Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0185","unstructured":"Wikipedia. List of U.S. state soils. 2023 [cited 2024 August 3]; Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._state_soils#Table."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0190","unstructured":"Sposito, G. soil. 2024 [cited 2024 August 5]; Available from: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/soil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0195","unstructured":"Spitler, J.D., GLHEPRO: a design tool for commercial building ground loop heat exchangers. 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.115041","article-title":"Energy, environmental and economic performance evaluation of energy pile system under different climate conditions","volume":"252","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energ Conver Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3390\/en12050870","article-title":"A comparative energy and economic analysis between a low enthalpy geothermal design and gas, diesel and biomass technologies for a HVAC system installed in an office building","volume":"12","author":"Villarino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S. and S. Mirianhosseinabadi, Simulation modeling of ground source heat pump systems for the performance analysis of residential buildings. 2013.","DOI":"10.26868\/25222708.2013.2379"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2012.07.044","article-title":"A contribution towards the determination of g-functions using the finite line source","volume":"51","author":"Cimmino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0220","unstructured":"Eskilson, P., Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes. 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0225","article-title":"The three E\u2019s of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems, in Trane Engineers","author":"Schwedler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Newsletter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0230","unstructured":"Jin, H., Parameter estimation based models of water source heat pumps. 2002: Oklahoma State University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0235","unstructured":"Tang, C.C., Modeling packaged heat pumps in a quasi-steady state energy simulation program. 2005, Oklahoma State University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0240","unstructured":"NBI, Advanced Buildings New Construction Guide. 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarnagin, R.E. and G.K. Bandyopadhyay, Weighting factors for the commercial building prototypes used in the development of ANSI\/ASHRAE\/IESNA standard 90.1-2010. 2010, Pacific Northwest National Lab.(PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).","DOI":"10.2172\/971102"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121594","article-title":"Adopting occupancy-based HVAC controls in commercial building energy codes: Analysis of cost-effectiveness and decarbonization potential","volume":"349","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108683","article-title":"Long-term carbon emission reduction potential of building retrofits with dynamically changing electricity emission factors","volume":"210","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0260","unstructured":"EPA, U.S, Emissions & generation resource integrated database (eGRID). 2007, eGRID2006_Version_{21}."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0265","unstructured":"EPA. Data Explorer. 2022 [cited 2024 August 6]; Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/egrid\/data-explorer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0270","unstructured":"EIA. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients. 2023 [cited 2024 August 2]; Available from: https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/environment\/emissions\/co2_vol_mass.php."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagnon, P., B. Cowiestoll, and M. Schwarz, Cambium 2022 scenario descriptions and documentation. 2023, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States).","DOI":"10.2172\/1915250"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635_b0280","first-page":"28","article-title":"Long-term commercial GSHP performance: Part 3: loop temperatures","volume":"54","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASHRAE J"}],"container-title":["Energy Conversion and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196890425011598?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196890425011598?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T05:40:58Z","timestamp":1765086058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196890425011598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0196890425011598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8904","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adopting Ground Source Heat Pumps in Commercial Buildings: Nationwide Analysis of Energy Savings and Decarbonization Potentials","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy Conversion and Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120635","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120635"}}