{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:04:29Z","timestamp":1773911069006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T22:09:09Z","timestamp":1765404549000},"page":"113459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Deep learning-based rebar detection for automated evaluation of concrete bridge decks using ground penetrating radar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour","family":"Faris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Mugis","family":"Yussif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eslam","family":"Mohammed Abdelkader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104107","article-title":"An exponential chaotic differential evolution algorithm for optimizing bridge maintenance plans","volume":"134","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13030800","article-title":"Synthesized evaluation of reinforced concrete bridge defects, their non-destructive inspection and analysis methods: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of the past three decades","volume":"13","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001484","article-title":"Comprehensive inspection system for concrete bridge deck application: current situation and future needs","volume":"34","author":"Abdelkhalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103337","article-title":"Simulation-based planning of concrete bridge deck inspection with non-destructive technologies","volume":"119","author":"Abdelkhalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051131","article-title":"Deterioration mapping of RC bridge elements based on automated analysis of GPR images","volume":"14","author":"Abdul Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.03.004","article-title":"Corrosiveness mapping of bridge decks using image-based analysis of GPR data","volume":"80","author":"Abouhamad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.190","article-title":"Location of reinforcement and moisture assessment in reinforced concrete with a double receiver GPR antenna","volume":"188","author":"Agred","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143954","article-title":"Review of non-destructive civil infrastructure evaluation for bridges: state-of-the-art robotic platforms, sensors and algorithms","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib9","article-title":"Pixel-level classification for bridge deck rebar detection and localization using multi-stage deep encoder-decoder network","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104627","article-title":"Condition assessment of concrete-made structures using ground penetrating radar","volume":"144","author":"Alsharqawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-019-2012-z","article-title":"A machine learning based approach for automatic rebar detection and quantification of deterioration in concrete bridge deck ground penetrating radar B-scan images","volume":"23","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103106","article-title":"A computer vision based rebar detection chain for automatic processing of concrete bridge deck GPR data","volume":"112","author":"Asadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib13","first-page":"72","article-title":"2021 infrastructure report card","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2007.00516.x","article-title":"Model based evaluation of bridge decks using ground penetrating radar","volume":"23","author":"Belli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2020.103487","article-title":"Deterioration mapping in subway infrastructure using sensory data of GPR","volume":"103","author":"Dawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3141\/2522-08","article-title":"Clustering-based threshold model for condition assessment of concrete bridge decks with ground-penetrating radar","volume":"2522","author":"Dinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2018.04.009","article-title":"Migration-based automated rebar picking for condition assessment of concrete bridge decks with ground penetrating radar","volume":"98","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.02.017","article-title":"An algorithm for automatic localization and detection of rebars from GPR data of concrete bridge decks","volume":"89","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib19","series-title":"2016 IEEE Intell. Veh. Symp.","first-page":"124","article-title":"A closer look at faster R-CNN for vehicle detection","author":"Fan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105130","article-title":"Corrosion assessment using ground penetrating radar in reinforced concrete structures: influential factors and analysis methods","volume":"156","author":"Faris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105631","article-title":"Automated rebar recognition and corrosion assessment of concrete bridge decks using ground penetrating radar","volume":"166","author":"Faris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15020219","article-title":"Review of condition rating and deterioration modeling approaches for concrete bridges","volume":"15","author":"Faris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42641","article-title":"A GPR-based framework for assessing corrosivity of concrete structures using frequency domain approach","volume":"11","author":"Faris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2977505","article-title":"A machine learning scheme for estimating the diameter of reinforcing bars using ground penetrating radar","volume":"18","author":"Giannakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-022-00625-w","article-title":"Investigation into vibration-based structural damage identification and amplitude-dependent damping ratio of reinforced concrete bridge deck slab under different loading states","volume":"13","author":"Gohar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Heal. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib28","series-title":"IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","first-page":"936","article-title":"Feature pyramid networks for object detection","author":"H","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib29","series-title":"2016 IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103414","article-title":"Improved mask R-CNN with distance guided intersection over union for GPR signature detection and segmentation","volume":"121","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib31","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. 2019-Octob","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Searching for mobileNetV3","author":"Howard","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.13042","article-title":"A deep learning framework based on improved self-supervised learning for ground-penetrating radar tunnel lining inspection","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14113425","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the key deterioration factors of concrete bridge decks","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921719838081","article-title":"Deep learning-based automated underground cavity detection using three-dimensional ground penetrating radar","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2474747","article-title":"Automated GPR rebar analysis for robotic bridge deck evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.10.411","article-title":"Ground penetrating radar: an application to estimate volumetric water content and reinforced bar diameter in concrete structures","volume":"10","author":"Leucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12798","article-title":"Deep learning\u2013based nondestructive evaluation of reinforcement bars using ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction data","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib38","series-title":"2017 IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","first-page":"936","article-title":"Feature Pyramid networks for object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib39","series-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (Including Subser. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. Lect. Notes Bioinformatics)","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: single shot MultiBox detector","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103279","article-title":"Detection and localization of rebar in concrete by deep learning using ground penetrating radar","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2018.07.010","article-title":"Automatic detection of steel rebar in bridge decks from ground penetrating radar data","volume":"158","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib43","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","first-page":"8759","article-title":"Path aggregation network for instance segmentation","author":"S","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib44","article-title":"A novel method for real-time object-based copy-move tampering localization in videos using fine-tuned YOLO V8","volume":"48","author":"Sandhya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440826","article-title":"Migration by fourier transform","volume":"43","author":"Stolt","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib47","series-title":"FICTA, Warsaw, Poland","first-page":"511","article-title":"Detection of outliers using interquartile range technique from intrusion dataset","author":"Vinutha","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2010.2092428","article-title":"Automatic detection of bridge deck condition from ground penetrating radar images","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103186","article-title":"Semi-automatic detection of buried rebar in GPR data using a genetic algorithm","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.126","article-title":"A new method to determine locations of rebars and estimate cover thickness of RC structures using GPR data","volume":"140","author":"Wiwatrojanagul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001502","article-title":"Integrated approach to simultaneously determine 3D location and size of rebar in GPR data","volume":"34","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103593","article-title":"Robust cascaded frequency filters to recognize rebar in GPR data with complex signal interference","volume":"124","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2022.2155648","article-title":"Deep learning-based detection of tie bars in concrete pavement using ground penetrating radar","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224590","article-title":"Generation of high-precision ground penetrating radar images using improved least square generative adversarial networks","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.009","article-title":"Sensitivity and accuracy in rebar diameter measurements from dual-polarized GPR data","volume":"48","author":"Zanzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001712","article-title":"Automatic corrosive environment detection of RC bridge decks from ground-penetrating radar data based on deep learning","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092969","article-title":"Simultaneous estimation of rebar diameter and cover thickness by a GPR-EMI dual sensor","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197625034906?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197625034906?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:34:56Z","timestamp":1773894896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952197625034906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0952197625034906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-1976","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deep learning-based rebar detection for automated evaluation of concrete bridge decks using ground penetrating radar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113459","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113459"}}