{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:43:24Z","timestamp":1783521804845,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010582","name":"National Computational Infrastructure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011025","name":"Government of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T06:10:23Z","timestamp":1776579023000},"page":"114868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Novel artificial intelligence driven model-based control framework for solar\u2013electric vehicle home energy optimization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayyab","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Deilami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binesh Puthen","family":"Veettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40866-022-00139-w","article-title":"Techno-economic feasibility analysis of 100 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Abas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.10.019","article-title":"Double-layer home energy management strategy for increasing PV self-consumption and cost reduction through appliances scheduling, EV, and storage","volume":"10","author":"Abdalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48717-x","article-title":"Effective hybrid search technique based constraint mixed-integer programming for smart home residential load scheduling","volume":"13","author":"Abdelhameed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.06.087","article-title":"Weather forecasts for microgrid energy management: review, discussion and recommendations","volume":"228","author":"Ag\u00fcera-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114899","article-title":"Technoeconomic analysis and optimization of hybrid solar\/wind\/battery systems for a standalone house integrated with electric vehicle in Saudi Arabia","volume":"250","author":"Al-Buraiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.104609","article-title":"Closed-loop home energy management system with renewable energy sources in a smart grid: a comprehensive review","volume":"50","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2820696","article-title":"Assessment and enhancement frameworks for system reliability performance using different PEV charging models","volume":"9","author":"Almutairi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3146237","article-title":"Novel flexibility indices of controllable loads in relation to EV and rooftop PV","volume":"24","author":"Alyami","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106388","article-title":"A deep learning model for intelligent home energy management system using renewable energy","volume":"123","author":"Ben Slama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101288","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-powered energy community management for developing renewable energy systems in smart homes","volume":"51","author":"Binyamin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib11","series-title":"Utility-Scale Solar: Empirical Trends in Project Technology, Cost, Performance, and PPA Pricing in the United States \u2013 2018 Edition","author":"Bolinger","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.120907","article-title":"Dynamic path planning for multi-USV in complex ocean environments with limited perception via proximal policy optimization","volume":"326","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2022.108120","article-title":"A safe reinforcement learning approach for multi-energy management of smart home","volume":"210","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elec. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.02.017","article-title":"Control strategy for distributed integration of photovoltaic and energy storage systems in DC micro-grids","volume":"45","author":"Eghtedarpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.118139","article-title":"Optimal PV-EV sizing at solar powered workplace charging stations with smart charging schemes considering self-consumption and self-sufficiency balance","volume":"307","author":"Fachrizal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19999","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3248502","article-title":"Home energy management systems: a review of the concept, architecture, and scheduling strategies","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib17","series-title":"Springer Series in Statistics","article-title":"The elements of statistical learning","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117340","article-title":"Real-time energy scheduling for home energy management systems with an energy storage system and electric vehicle based on a supervised-learning-based strategy","volume":"292","author":"Huy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104289","article-title":"Multi-objective framework for a home energy management system with the integration of solar energy and an electric vehicle using an augmented \u03b5-constraint method and lexicographic optimization","volume":"88","author":"Huy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2018.10.008","article-title":"Thermal performance analysis of net zero energy home for sub zero temperature areas","volume":"12","author":"Irfan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib21","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reducing energy costs in residential systems with solar photovoltaic and electric vehicles using heuristic dispatch based on price signals","author":"Irfan","year":"2023"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7248","DOI":"10.3390\/en16217248","article-title":"Rooftop solar and electric vehicle integration for smart, sustainable homes: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Irfan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123317","article-title":"Optimizing load frequency control in microgrid with vehicle-to-grid integration in Australia: based on an enhanced control approach","volume":"366","author":"Irfan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimizing residential energy costs: a novel machine learning approach for solar PV and EV integration through heuristic price signal dispatch","author":"Irfan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib25","series-title":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel predictive strategy for daily energy cost reduction in solar \u2018PV + EV\u2019 system with V2G and V2H modes","author":"Irfan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.127047","article-title":"Novel control-based design optimization of smart energy distribution and management in vehicle-to-grid integrated microgrid","volume":"402","author":"Irfan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.127047","article-title":"Novel control-based design optimization of smart energy distribution and management in vehicle-to-grid integrated microgrid","volume":"402","author":"Irfan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81220","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3195053","article-title":"A survey on deep learning role in distribution automation system: a new collaborative learning-to-learning (L2L) concept","volume":"10","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2024.01.016","article-title":"Optimal energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: a recent survey of machine learning approaches","author":"Jui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.026","article-title":"Modeling and optimization by particle swarm embedded neural network for adsorption of zinc (II) by palm kernel shell based activated carbon from aqueous environment","volume":"206","author":"Karri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115419","article-title":"On the potential of \u2018Photovoltaics + Electric vehicles\u2019 for deep decarbonization of Kyoto's power systems: techno-economic-social considerations","volume":"275","author":"Kobashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.26555\/ijain.v9i2.1092","article-title":"Deep learning approaches for MIMO time-series analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120020","article-title":"A reinforcement learning approach to home energy management for modulating heat pumps and photovoltaic systems","volume":"327","author":"Langer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2007.914309","article-title":"Small-signal stability analysis of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation\/energy storage system part I: time-domain simulations","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/en17030624","article-title":"Recent trends and issues of energy management systems using machine learning","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib36","article-title":"A hybrid evolutionary and machine learning approach for smart building: sustainable building energy management design","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib37","article-title":"Optimization strategy based on deep reinforcement learning for home energy management","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CSEE J. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123753","article-title":"Expert-guided imitation learning for energy management: evaluating GAIL's performance in building control applications","volume":"372","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102812","article-title":"Improved residential energy management system using priority double deep Q-learning","volume":"69","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105944","article-title":"Time-varying multi-objective smart home appliances scheduling using fuzzy adaptive dynamic SPEA2 algorithm","volume":"121","author":"Maurya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"7540","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236","article-title":"Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning","volume":"518","author":"Mnih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/JPETS.2018.2854709","article-title":"Effects of V2H integration on optimal sizing of renewable resources in smart home based on Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"5","author":"Naghibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105721","article-title":"Review on optimization techniques and role of artificial intelligence in home energy management systems","volume":"119","author":"Nutakki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.04.048","article-title":"The future of the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme in Europe: the case of photovoltaics","volume":"95","author":"Pyrgou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-024-00498-z","article-title":"An IoT enabled energy management system with precise forecasting and load optimization for PV power generation","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3288824","article-title":"Smart home energy management: VAE-GAN synthetic dataset generator and Q-Learning","volume":"15","author":"Razghandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122258","article-title":"A data-driven DRL-based home energy management system optimization framework considering uncertain household parameters","volume":"355","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib48","article-title":"Hierarchical energy management system for home-energy-hubs considering Plug-in electric vehicles","author":"reza Gholinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib49","article-title":"Replacing fossil fuel-based power plants with renewables to meet Iran's environmental commitments in the electricity sector","volume":"7","author":"Shahveran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Transit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118549","article-title":"Interplay between technological innovation and environmental quality: formulating the SDG policies for next 11 economies","volume":"242","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib51","first-page":"1929","article-title":"A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib52","series-title":"Series: Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning Series | Includes Bibliographical References and Index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018023826","article-title":"Reinforcement learning : an introduction, description","author":"Sutton","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib53","series-title":"Dueling Network Architectures for Deep Reinforcement Learning","author":"Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.113","article-title":"Optimal voltage regulation for distribution networks with multi-microgrids","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.03.003","article-title":"A deep reinforcement learning approach based energy management strategy for home energy system considering the time-of-use price and real-time control of energy storage system","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2971427","article-title":"A multi-agent reinforcement learning-based data-driven method for home energy management","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31551","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3370922","article-title":"Optimization of a cluster-based energy management system using deep reinforcement learning without affecting prosumer comfort: V2X technologies and peer-to-peer energy trading","volume":"12","author":"Yavuz","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib58","series-title":"2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal energy management strategy for smart home with electric vehicle","author":"Yi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3326978","article-title":"Real-time energy scheduling applying the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient and data clustering","volume":"18","author":"Zenginis","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.01.042","article-title":"Digital twin application for reinforcement learning based optimal scheduling and reliability management enhancement of systems","volume":"252","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868_bib61","unstructured":"\u201cTime of Use Tariffs in NSW\u201d."}],"container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626011504?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626011504?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:57:07Z","timestamp":1779105427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952197626011504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0952197626011504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-1976","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel artificial intelligence driven model-based control framework for solar\u2013electric vehicle home energy optimization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.114868","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114868"}}