{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:02:06Z","timestamp":1780934526075,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002663","name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T01:10:58Z","timestamp":1779585058000},"page":"115162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["A Spatio-Temporal Feature Co-Attention Network for accurate and robust multi-fault diagnosis in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2234-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilie","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4207-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanguang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9643","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049738","article-title":"A review on IGBT module failure modes and lifetime testing","volume":"9","author":"Abuelnaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.35629\/5941-10120116","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of the electric motor drive and battery system for electric vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Ahnaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electron. Commun. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12090631","article-title":"A literature review of fault detection and diagnostic methods in three-phase voltage-source inverters","volume":"12","author":"Ajra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Machines"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.3390\/en17112616","article-title":"Optimizing insulated-gate bipolar transistors\u2019 lifetime estimation: A critical evaluation of lifetime model adjustments based on power cycling tests","volume":"17","author":"Alavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.024","article-title":"A data-driven method for IGBT open-circuit fault diagnosis for the modular multilevel converter based on a modified Elman neural network","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b6","series-title":"An empirical evaluation of generic convolutional and recurrent networks for sequence modeling","author":"Bai","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b7","first-page":"4713","article-title":"Advanced detection and localization of open circuit faults in two-level three-phase IGBT-based inverters using machine learning approaches and discrete wavelet transform","volume":"16","author":"Boutaleb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2024.1437614","article-title":"Advancement in transformer fault diagnosis technology","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s43236-024-00915-0","article-title":"Robust current residual vector-based multi-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis of inverters","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1402_1","article-title":"Finding structure in time","volume":"14","author":"Elman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39901","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of faults and diagnosis techniques in cascaded multi-level inverters","volume":"10","author":"Gatla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2026.01.003","article-title":"High-dimensional optimized extraction chirplet transform: Algorithm and applications","volume":"169","author":"Ge","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj15020053","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple open-circuit faults in three-phase induction machine drive systems based on bidirectional long short-term memory algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Gmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Electr. Veh. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.52152\/3945","article-title":"DC-link MPPF capacitors online condition monitoring system for AC\/DC power converters integrated in converter control system","author":"Gonzalez-Hernando","year":"2024","journal-title":"REpqJ"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5602","DOI":"10.3390\/en16155602","article-title":"Review of fault detection and diagnosis techniques for AC motor drives","volume":"16","author":"Gultekin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1240755","article-title":"Review of the calculation of DC-link capacitor current","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39596","article-title":"Next generation power inverter for grid resilience: Technology review","volume":"10","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/forecast5010002","article-title":"Comprehensive review of power electronic converters in electric vehicle applications","volume":"5","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forecasting"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1049\/rpg2.70111","article-title":"A systematic review on reliability and lifetime evaluation of power converters in power generation systems","volume":"19","author":"Kalay","year":"2025","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114","article-title":"Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks","volume":"114","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12143063","article-title":"State-of-the-art 800 V electric drive systems: inverter\u2013machine codesign for energy efficiency optimization","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","article-title":"Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition","volume":"86","author":"LeCun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2023.3297224","article-title":"Review of the failure mechanism and methodologies of IGBT bonding wire","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b24","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, T., Zhang, H., Wu, H., Wang, S., Ma, L., Long, M., 2024a. iTransformer: Inverted Transformers Are Effective for Time Series Forecasting. In: International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b25","series-title":"2025 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition","first-page":"3042","article-title":"Condition monitoring for DC-link capacitors and PV arrays based on the start-up process of the PV system","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b26","series-title":"2024 IEEE 10th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference","first-page":"2366","article-title":"A deep learning network based robust fault diagnosis method for IGBT open circuit","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106138","article-title":"Multi-view rotating machinery fault diagnosis with adaptive co-attention fusion network","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Open-circuit fault diagnosis for the inverter of inductive power transfer systems: A rough-set-theory-based method","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2023.115003","article-title":"Review of condition monitoring methods for capacitors used in power converters","volume":"145","author":"Nathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b30","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Nguyen, N.H., Sinthong, P., Kalagnanam, J., 2023. A Time Series is Worth 64 Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers. In: International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.3390\/en16041888","article-title":"A comprehensive review of power converters for E-mobility","volume":"16","author":"Nkembi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131166","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3591882","article-title":"DC-link capacitors online condition monitoring using repetitive RLS in hybrid-electric aircraft","volume":"13","author":"Oliszewski","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj16060330","article-title":"Online monitoring method for capacitor lifetime in brushless DC motor drive systems with DC-link series switch","volume":"16","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Electr. Veh. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109577","article-title":"Online condition monitoring for DC-link capacitors of three-level NPC converters using noninvasive signal injection","volume":"119","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"6088","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1049\/pel2.12583","article-title":"Inverter open circuit fault diagnosis based on residual performance evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3390\/machines11100928","article-title":"An open-circuit fault diagnosis method based on adjacent trend line relationship of current vector trajectory for motor drive inverter","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.07.025","article-title":"Fault detection and synchronization control in hybrid DC\/AC microgrids using grid-forming inverter DC-link controller","volume":"12","author":"Verbe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.10.056","article-title":"A technical review of modern traction inverter systems used in electric vehicle application","volume":"10","author":"Vijaya Sambhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4333-7","article-title":"DiagLLM: multimodal reasoning with large language model for explainable bearing fault diagnosis","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b41","unstructured":"Wu, H., Hu, T., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Wang, J., Long, M., 2023. TimesNet: Temporal 2D-Variation Modeling for General Time Series Analysis. In: International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3390\/machines10090736","article-title":"Research on fault diagnosis of six-phase propulsion motor drive inverter for marine electric propulsion system based on Res-BiLSTM","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2025.115873","article-title":"Condition monitoring of a DC-link capacitor in an inverter with a front-end diode rectifier under imbalanced three-phase supply voltage","volume":"173","author":"Yamasoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4755960","article-title":"Open-circuit fault analysis and recognition in three-level inverters based on recurrence plot and convolution neural network","volume":"2023","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105866","article-title":"Open-circuit fault diagnosis in voltage source inverter for motor drive by using deep neural network","volume":"120","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162_b46","article-title":"Local entropy selection scaling-extracting chirplet transform for enhanced time-frequency analysis and precise state estimation in reliability-focused fault diagnosis of non-stationary signals","volume":"28","author":"Zhi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eksploat. I Niezawodn. \u2013 Maint. Reliab."}],"container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626014454?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626014454?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T15:48:06Z","timestamp":1780933686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952197626014454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0952197626014454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-1976","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Spatio-Temporal Feature Co-Attention Network for accurate and robust multi-fault diagnosis in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115162","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115162"}}