{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:51:42Z","timestamp":1781596302756,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T03:17:05Z","timestamp":1780111025000},"page":"115194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Secure drone-based scene classification and intrusion detection using multi-model deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Mohannad A.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eatedal","family":"Alabdulkreem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhanof","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1982-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achraf","family":"Ben Miled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami Saad","family":"Albouq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawfiq","family":"Hasanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Mujib","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib1","article-title":"A hybrid deep belief cascade-neuro fuzzy approach for real-time health anomaly detection in 5G-Enabled IoT medical networks","volume":"18","author":"Abdulkhudhur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Eng. & Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020115","article-title":"Enhancing UAV security against GPS spoofing attacks through a genetic algorithm-driven deep learning framework","volume":"16","author":"Al-Sabbagh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041022","article-title":"Block-scrambling-based encryption with deep-learning-driven remote sensing image classification","volume":"15","author":"Alsubaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050111","article-title":"Designing a network intrusion detection system based on machine learning for software-defined networks","volume":"13","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05136-4","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence with temporal convolutional networks for adverse weather condition detection in driverless vehicles","volume":"15","author":"Alzanin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib6","series-title":"2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (Iot in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud)(I-SMAC)","first-page":"1860","article-title":"Adaptive deep learning techniques for real-time shortest path optimization in drone ambulance operations during disaster","author":"Bose","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1883","article-title":"Automated methods for image detection of cultural heritage: overviews and perspectives","volume":"30","author":"C\u00e2mara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib8","article-title":"A review of small object and movement detection based loss function and optimised technique","volume":"32","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111406","article-title":"TransRefine: transformer-augmented feature refinement for zero-shot scene classification in remote sensing images","volume":"162","author":"Damalla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102555","article-title":"Security of target recognition for UAV forestry remote sensing based on multi-source data fusion transformer framework","volume":"112","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib11","article-title":"Redesign of a drone (UAV) to obtain high flight autonomy, used in the analysis of pitahaya crops based on neutrosophic control","volume":"19","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neutrosoph. Sci. (IJNS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib12","series-title":"Optimising Cloud Security with a Hybrid BiLSTM-BiGRU Model for Efficient Intrusion Detection","author":"Haider","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib13","series-title":"2024 3rd International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS)","first-page":"623","article-title":"Distributed Blockchain-SDN models for robust data security in cloud-integrated IoT networks","author":"Haritha","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-016-1029-8","article-title":"Image contrast enhancement using a geometric mean filter","volume":"11","author":"Hiary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sign. Imag. Video Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib15","unstructured":"http:\/\/weegee.vision.ucmerced.edu\/datasets\/landuse.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib16","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/hassan06\/nslkdd."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3390\/land13101718","article-title":"Scene classification of remote sensing image based on multi-path reconfigurable neural network","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib18","series-title":"Cyber Security for Next-Generation Computing Technologies","first-page":"231","article-title":"Intelligent transportation systems for IoT-based UAV networks","author":"Jamil","year":"2024"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7733","article-title":"Deep learning techniques for remote sensing image scene classification: a comprehensive review, current challenges, and future directions","volume":"35","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Concurrency Comput. Pract. Ex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"PSCLI-TF: position-sensitive cross-layer interactive transformer model for remote sensing image scene classification","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib21","article-title":"GLR-CNN: CNN-based framework with global latent relationship embedding for high-resolution remote sensing image scene classification","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib22","article-title":"Cross-source transformer-based neighborhood contrastive learning for joint classification of hyperspectral and LiDAR data","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081331","article-title":"Remote sensing images secure distribution scheme based on deep information hiding","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3508881","article-title":"A two-tiered bidirectional atrous spatial pyramid pooling-based semantic segmentation model for landslide classification using remote sensing images","author":"Nalinipriya","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.108672","article-title":"Leveraging mayfly optimisation with deep learning for secure remote sensing scene image classification","volume":"108","author":"Ragab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib26","series-title":"2024 International Conference on Cognitive Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ICC-ROBINS)","first-page":"200","article-title":"Enhancing remote sensing image classification using horse herd optimization with deep transfer learning model","author":"Rega","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sasc.2025.200303","article-title":"LCC-Net: swin Transformer-CNN hybrid for enhanced land cover classification in natural disaster monitoring","author":"Shailaja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Syst. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8080346","article-title":"Power transmission lines foreign object intrusion detection method for drone aerial images based on improved yolov8 network","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib29","first-page":"221","article-title":"Utilisation of deep learning models for safe human\u2010friendly computing in cloud, fog, and Mobile edge networks","author":"Tudesco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell. Cybersec. Anal. Cyber threat Detect."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70315","article-title":"MSA\u2010MaxNet: Multiscale attention enhanced multiaxis vision transformer network for medical image segmentation","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42848","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2976484","article-title":"Multi-structure joint decision-making approach for land use classification of high-resolution remote sensing images based on CNNs","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3241405","article-title":"G2Grad-CAMRL: an object detection and interpretation model based on gradient-weighted class activation mapping and reinforcement learning in remote sensing images","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.107909","article-title":"MSE-Net: a novel master-slave encoding network for remote sensing scene classification","volume":"132","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.01.006","article-title":"Learning transferable land cover semantics for open vocabulary interactions with remote sensing images","volume":"220","author":"Zermatten","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"EMSCNet: efficient multisample contrastive network for remote sensing image scene classification","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.06.005","article-title":"A cross-spatiotemporal weakly supervised framework for land cover classification: generating temporally and spatially consistent land cover maps","volume":"227","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194_bib37","article-title":"DiffPR-Net: few-shot remote sensing scene classification based on generative diffusion and prototype rectified model","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."}],"container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626014788?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626014788?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1781592750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952197626014788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0952197626014788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-1976","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Secure drone-based scene classification and intrusion detection using multi-model deep learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115194","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115194"}}