{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:21:26Z","timestamp":1788967286456,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:39:22Z","timestamp":1784259562000},"page":"115726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P6","title":["Forest fire rekindling detection using dual-branch fusion network for visible-light and infrared images"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5412-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengle","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-022-01475-4","article-title":"A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties","volume":"33","author":"Agbeshie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414534476","article-title":"Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires","volume":"48","author":"Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib3","series-title":"Fire Threat Detection from Videos with Q-Rough Sets","author":"Chakrabortya","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01291-0","article-title":"Wildfire risk for global wildland\u2013urban interface areas","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anchor-free oriented proposal generator for object detection","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib6","series-title":"An Image Is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00524-6","article-title":"Climate change and forest fires","volume":"262","author":"Flannigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib8","first-page":"67","article-title":"An improved Sobel edge detection","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2010"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622","article-title":"Generative adversarial networks","volume":"63","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib10","first-page":"20230","article-title":"$\\alpha $-IoU: a family of power intersection over union losses for bounding box regression","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib11","article-title":"Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"arxiv preprint arxiv:1704.04861"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation networks","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib13","first-page":"15","article-title":"Forest fire assessment and analysis in liangshan, sichuan Province based on remote sensing","volume":"1","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"IECE Trans. Int. Things"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib14","article-title":"Wildfire risk assessment using deep learning in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"128","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1020028","article-title":"Satellite detection limitations of sub-canopy smouldering wildfires in the North American boreal forest","volume":"1","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.104082","article-title":"Evaluation of forest fire risk based on multicriteria decision analysis techniques for Changzhou, China","volume":"98","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099368","article-title":"Wildfire danger prediction and understanding with deep learning","volume":"49","author":"Kondylatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.08.208","article-title":"Early forest fire detection and verification using optical smoke, gas and microwave sensors","volume":"45","author":"Kr\u00fcll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib20","series-title":"2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","first-page":"2848","article-title":"RCAFusion: cross rubik cube attention network for multi-modal image fusion of intelligent vehicles","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib21","series-title":"2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","first-page":"2848","article-title":"RCAFusion: cross rubik cube attention network for multi-modal image fusion of intelligent vehicles","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.02.023","article-title":"RFN-Nest: an end-to-end residual fusion network for infrared and visible images","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib24","article-title":"A survey of visual transformers","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Networks Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib23","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"10012","article-title":"Swin transformer: hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib22","article-title":"Research on the identification method for the forest fire based on deep learning","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik - Int.J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib25","volume":"304","author":"McAllister","year":"2011"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132513","article-title":"Forest fire risk prediction: a spatial deep neural network-based framework","volume":"13","author":"Naderpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12030733","article-title":"Forest fire identification in uav imagery using x-mobilenet","volume":"12","author":"Namburu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01001956","article-title":"Rough sets","volume":"11","author":"Pawlak","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718850115","article-title":"Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk","volume":"115","author":"Radeloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib30","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"658","article-title":"Generalized intersection over union: a metric and a loss for bounding box regression","author":"Rezatofighi","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23127","article-title":"Forest fire surveillance systems: a review of deep learning methods","volume":"10","author":"Saleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib32","series-title":"Empirical Inference: Festschrift in Honor of Vladimir N. Vapnik","first-page":"37","article-title":"Explaining adaboost","author":"Schapire","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-022-01559-1","article-title":"Assessment of China's forest fire occurrence with deep learning, geographic information and multisource data","volume":"34","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib34","first-page":"12007","article-title":"Efficient residual dense block search for image super-resolution","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-019-1947-x","article-title":"Causes and detection of coalfield fires, control techniques, and heat energy recovery: a review","volume":"27","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib36","series-title":"A Study on Flame Detection Method Combining Visible Light and Thermal Infrared Multimodal Images","first-page":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib37","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib42","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","first-page":"390","article-title":"CSPNet: a new backbone that can enhance learning capability of CNN","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib43","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yolov9: learning what you want to learn using programmable gradient information","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib41","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"11534","article-title":"ECA-Net: efficient channel attention for deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"CityGuard: citywide fire risk forecasting using a machine learning approach","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceed. ACM Interact. Mobile, Wearable Ubiqui. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib38","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7794","article-title":"Non-local neural networks","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7794","article-title":"Non-local neural networks","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib44","first-page":"279","article-title":"Q-learning","volume":"8","author":"Watkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"DRF: disentangled representation for visible and infrared image fusion","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib45","series-title":"2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reluplex made more practical: leaky ReLU","author":"Xu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib47","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"10819","article-title":"Metaformer is actually what you need for vision","author":"Yu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib48","article-title":"From spark to suppression: an overview of wildfire monitoring, progression prediction, and extinguishing techniques","volume":"140","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-018-0756-6","article-title":"A deep neural network and rule-based technique for fire risk identification in video frames","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib50","series-title":"DIDFuse: Deep Image Decomposition for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib51","first-page":"12993","article-title":"Distance-IoU loss: faster and better learning for bounding box regression","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726_bib52","series-title":"2019 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV)","first-page":"85","article-title":"Iou loss for 2d\/3d object detection","author":"Zhou","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626020105?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952197626020105?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:50:44Z","timestamp":1788965444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952197626020105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0952197626020105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-1976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-1976","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Forest fire rekindling detection using dual-branch fusion network for visible-light and infrared images","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.115726","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115726"}}