{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:43:15Z","timestamp":1780454595355,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entertainment Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T22:44:02Z","timestamp":1766357042000},"page":"101072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Developing a serious game for enhancing student problem-solving: a three-layers effectiveness model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Razieh Mohaqeqian","family":"Yaqoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7403-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Rezaei-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Vahidi-Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarvin","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfan Rafiei","family":"Oskouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0005","series-title":"New problem solving ability test","author":"Chan","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0010","series-title":"Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies","author":"OECD","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0015","unstructured":"Jonassen, D.H., Marra, R., Palmer, B., 2004. Epistemological development: an implicit entailment of constructivist learning environments. In: N.M. Seel, S. Dikjstra (Eds.), Curriculum, plans, and processes of instructional design: International perspectives, 75\u201388."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0020","first-page":"16","article-title":"Digital game-based learning: It's not just the digital natives who are restless","volume":"41","author":"Van Eck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.047","article-title":"Measuring problem solving skills via stealth assessment in an engaging video game","volume":"63","author":"Shute","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12113","article-title":"Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis","volume":"46","author":"Arnab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, K., 2021. What\u2019s the difference between gamification, serious games, educational games, and game-based learning, Acad. Lett., 209.","DOI":"10.20935\/AL209"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.11.026","article-title":"Successful implementation of user-centered game based learning in higher education: an example from civil engineering","volume":"49","author":"Ebner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.04.012","article-title":"Problem solving and collaboration using mobile serious games","volume":"57","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0050","first-page":"193","article-title":"Mobile serious games for collaborative problem solving","volume":"2009","author":"Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cyberther. Telemed."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2020.3011616","article-title":"Developing children's regulation of learning in problem-solving with a serious game","volume":"40","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22557","article-title":"Serious games in future skills development: a systematic review of the design approaches","volume":"30","author":"Gurbuz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0065","series-title":"Adaptive Augmented Reality Serious Game to Foster Problem Solving Skills","first-page":"273","author":"Hodhod","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.08.021","article-title":"The impact of learner metacognition and goal orientation on problem-solving in a serious game environment","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0075","first-page":"49","article-title":"Children's problem-solving in serious games: the\u201c Fine-Tuning System (FTS)\u201d Elaborated","volume":"11","author":"Obikwelu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electr. J. e-Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0080","unstructured":"Gouveia, P., 2015. Serious gaming: how gamers are solving real world problems. In Proceedings of Artech2015, Seventh International Conference on Digital Arts (Creating Digital e-motions). \u00d3bidos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103794","article-title":"Perceived contribution of a hybrid serious game to the development of collaborative problem solving among undergraduate nursing students: a mixed method design","volume":"73","author":"de Beer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.04.009","article-title":"The influence of collaboration styles to children\u2019s cognitive performance in digital problem-solving game \u201cWilliam Adventure\u201d: a comparative case study","volume":"55","author":"Shih","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0095","unstructured":"Monjelat, N., M\u00e9ndez Zaballos, L., Lacasa, P., 2012. Problem solving processes and video games: The Sim City Creator case."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.05.009","article-title":"an online game approach for improving students\u2019 learning performance in web-based problem-solving activities","volume":"59","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0105","series-title":"Designing Learning Management System Plugins for improving students\u2019 Transversal Competencies. Doctoral dissertation","author":"Rezaei-Zadeh","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0110","unstructured":"Brooke, J., 1996. SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale. In & A. L. M. P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester (Ed.), Usability evaluation in industry,189\u2013194."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0115","series-title":"The Game Experience Questionnaire","author":"IJsselsteijn","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1541344603252172","article-title":"Transformative learning as discourse","volume":"1","author":"Mezirow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Transform. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v12i01.6065","article-title":"Serious games in preschool and primary education: Benefits and impacts on curriculum course syllabus","volume":"12","author":"Papanastasiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0130","volume":"Vol. 504","author":"Ma","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13010047","article-title":"Serious games in cultural heritage: a review of practices and considerations in the design of location-based games","volume":"13","author":"DaCosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0140","series-title":"First Conference on Human Growth, Development and Health","article-title":"Identifying the effectiveness of using computer games in promoting reverse elementary class learning","author":"Vakilian","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1739078","article-title":"Designing and validating educational standards for E-teaching in virtual learning environments (VLEs), based on revised Bloom\u2019s taxonomy","volume":"30","author":"Barari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-023-10190-8","article-title":"A software prototype of formative assessment: designing and usability measurement","volume":"71","author":"Kasani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17083\/ijsg.v10i2.563","article-title":"Critical meta-analysis of problem-solving serious games: Clear signs of pedagogists\u2019 disengagement and over-optimistic expectations","volume":"10","author":"Rezaei-Zadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Serious Games"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0160","first-page":"39","article-title":"The analysis of \u201cFetch! Lunch Rush\u201d as an augmented reality multi-player game in cooperative learning","volume":"13","author":"Alikahni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. New Thoughts Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0165","first-page":"891","article-title":"Measuring the impact of virtual reality on a serious game for improving oral presentation skill","volume":"14","author":"Davari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Educ. J. (TEJ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0170","series-title":"The Effectiveness of ABFT-Based Parenting Training via Cell Phone on Parent-Adolescent Conflict: a Single Case Study","first-page":"107","author":"Mohammadinasab","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0175","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designing a prototype of coaching software and measuring its usability","volume":"17","author":"Chenari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Educ. J. (TEJ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3845-9","article-title":"Academic methods for usability evaluation of serious games: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Yanez-Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0185","article-title":"Finding the problem: how students approach problem identification","volume":"35","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0190","unstructured":"Payne, Y., 2023. Problem Solving Skills: How to Have a Positive Attitude. Extracted from https:\/\/www.iienstitu.com\/en\/blog\/a-positive-attitude-for-problem-solving-skills on 06 Sep 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.17478\/jegys.688210","article-title":"How are students\u2019 reflective thinking for problem solving?","volume":"8","author":"Kholid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Gifted Young Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.07.326","article-title":"A study on the relationship between reflective thinking skills towards problem solving and attitudes towards mathematics","volume":"197","author":"Demirel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.11.005","article-title":"A creative thinking approach to enhancing the web-based problem solving performance of university students","volume":"72","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratnaningsih, N., Hidayat, E., & Santika, S. (2020, October). Problem solving and cognitive style: An error analysis. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1657, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1657\/1\/012035"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2478\/ctra-2020-0015","article-title":"Fostering university students' idea generation and idea evaluation skills with a cognitive-based creativity training","volume":"7","author":"Van Broekhoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Creativity"}],"container-title":["Entertainment Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875952125001521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875952125001521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:17:51Z","timestamp":1769023071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1875952125001521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1875952125001521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-9521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-9521","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developing a serious game for enhancing student problem-solving: a three-layers effectiveness model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Entertainment Computing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2025.101072","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101072"}}