{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:55:10Z","timestamp":1770684910286,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000943","name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Modelling & Software"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:52:56Z","timestamp":1767804776000},"page":"106865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["AI-driven knowledge synthesis for food web parameterisation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1310-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Spillias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Fulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8999-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Boschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Bulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rowan","family":"Trebilco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b1","series-title":"Claude 3 Model Card","author":"Anthropic","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13272","article-title":"Atlantis: A spatially explicit end-to-end marine ecosystem model with dynamically integrated physics, ecology and socio-economic modules","volume":"10","author":"Audzijonyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082767","article-title":"On decision makers\u2019 perceptions of what an ecological computer model is, what it does, and its impact on limiting model acceptance","volume":"10","author":"Boschetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102742","article-title":"Large language models overcome the challenges of unstructured text data in ecology","volume":"82","author":"Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1489984","article-title":"A systematic review on the use of food web models for addressing the social and economic consequences of fisheries policies and environmental change","volume":"11","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b6","series-title":"robis: An R client for the ocean biodiversity information system","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122228","article-title":"A deep learning classification framework for research methods of marine protected area management","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.003","article-title":"Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations","volume":"172","author":"Christensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b9","series-title":"Chroma - the AI-native open-source embedding database","author":"Chroma","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-015-9386-x","article-title":"Modelling dynamic ecosystems: venturing beyond boundaries with the Ecopath approach","volume":"25","author":"Coll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biology Fish."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.025","article-title":"Global overview of the applications of the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach using the EcoBase models repository","volume":"302","author":"Coll\u00e9ter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b12","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Large language models possess some ecological knowledge, but how much?","author":"Dorm","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742048","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the aquaculture industry: Current state, challenges and future directions","volume":"598","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0044-8486","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b14","series-title":"FishBase","author":"Froese","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2018.11.002","article-title":"Modelling the Great Australian Bight ecosystem","volume":"157\u2013158","author":"Fulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II: Top. Stud. Ocean."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01298-8","article-title":"A guide to ecosystem models and their environmental applications","volume":"4","author":"Geary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.01.006","article-title":"Trophodynamics of the eastern great Australian bight ecosystem: Ecological change associated with the growth of Australia\u2019s largest fishery","volume":"255","author":"Goldsworthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.1999.03","article-title":"A global ocean biogeographic information system (OBIS) for the census of marine life","volume":"12","author":"Grassle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.007","article-title":"Best practice in Ecopath with Ecosim food-web models for ecosystem-based management","volume":"331","author":"Heymans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2007.00257.x","article-title":"Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2011.01.013","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing","volume":"108","author":"Hobday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14391","article-title":"Why shouldn\u2019t I collect more data? Reconciling disagreements between intuition and value of information analyses","volume":"15","author":"Holden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15741","article-title":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis of ecosystem modeling to support fisheries management","volume":"104","author":"Holden","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b24","first-page":"18755","article-title":"Towards normalizing good practice across the whole modeling cycle: its instrumentation and future research topics","volume":"6","author":"Jakeman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Socio-Environmental Syst. Model."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00314-5","article-title":"Physics-informed machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Karniadakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b26","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Extracting massive ecological data on state and interactions of species using large language models","author":"Keck","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b27","series-title":"Harnessing multiple LLMs for information retrieval: A case study on deep learning methodologies in biodiversity publications","author":"Kommineni","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13954","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for conservation decisions","volume":"13","author":"Lapeyrolerie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b29","article-title":"LITE: Modeling environmental ecosystems with multimodal large language models","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Conf. Lang. Model. (COLM)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2010.03.012","article-title":"Adding rigor to ecological network models by evaluating a set of pre-balance diagnostics: a plea for PREBAL","volume":"221","author":"Link","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2012.03.008","article-title":"Dealing with uncertainty in ecosystem models: the paradox of use for living marine resource management","volume":"102","author":"Link","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b32","article-title":"FoodWebAI: Creating and augmenting food webs with natural language models","author":"Noleto Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b33","series-title":"2024 International Conference on Information Technology Research and Innovation","first-page":"305","article-title":"From traditional to innovation: Large language models in Fisheries data extraction","author":"Nugraha","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005","article-title":"Global biotic interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets","volume":"24","author":"Poelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b35","series-title":"Taxobot: A chatbot for the taxonomy of marine organisms","author":"Sahu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2019.108784","article-title":"How to make ecological models useful for environmental management","volume":"411","author":"Schuwirth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b37","article-title":"Benchmarking large language models for marine functional group classification","author":"Spillias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Available At SSRN 5506941"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13750-025-00362-9","article-title":"Evaluating generative AI to extract qualitative data from peer-reviewed documents","volume":"14","author":"Spillias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Evid."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaf169","article-title":"The future of artificial intelligence in ecosystem modeling","volume":"76","author":"Spillias","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b40","article-title":"Human-AI collaboration to identify literature for evidence synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Spillias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00440","article-title":"Ocean FAIR data services","volume":"6","author":"Tanhua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-27980-y","article-title":"Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation","volume":"13","author":"Tuia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b43","first-page":"68","article-title":"Modelling complex systems of multiple species for ecosystem based management","volume":"326","author":"Villasante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105318","article-title":"Increasing the uptake of ecological model results in policy decisions to improve biodiversity outcomes","volume":"149","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865_b45","series-title":"MarineGPT: Unlocking secrets of ocean to the public","author":"Zheng","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Environmental Modelling & Software"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364815226000125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364815226000125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:38:25Z","timestamp":1770622705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1364815226000125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1364815226000125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8152"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8152","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"AI-driven knowledge synthesis for food web parameterisation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Modelling & Software","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106865","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106865"}}