{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:10:13Z","timestamp":1775045413039,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W2431029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2431029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3201102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3201102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004177","name":"Ministry of Water Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004177","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Modelling &amp; Software"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:49:43Z","timestamp":1772178583000},"page":"106935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["SWAT-UQ: A platform for uncertainty analysis, calibration and optimization of SWAT models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Mengtian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib1","series-title":"SWAT-CUP 2012: SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs - a User Manual","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004745","article-title":"An integrated hydrologic bayesian multimodel combination framework: confronting input, parameter, and model structural uncertainty in hydrologic prediction","volume":"43","author":"Ajami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib3","first-page":"1491","article-title":"SWAT: model use, calibration, and validation","volume":"55","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE (Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x","article-title":"Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2025.106360","article-title":"Coupling SWAT plus with LSTM for enhanced and interpretable streamflow estimation in arid and semi-arid watersheds, a case study of the tagus headwaters river basin, Spain","volume":"186","author":"Asadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00421-8","article-title":"Equifinality, data assimilation, and uncertainty estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using the GLUE methodology","volume":"249","author":"Beven","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib7","series-title":"Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: the Primer","author":"Beven","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12482","article-title":"Introduction to SWAT plus , a completely restructured version of the soil and water assessment tool","volume":"53","author":"Bieger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2025.106425","article-title":"Analysis of SWAT plus model performance: a comparative study using different software and algorithms","volume":"188","author":"Cecconello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-3427-2017","article-title":"The evolution of process-based hydrologic models: historical challenges and the collective quest for physical realism","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017198","article-title":"A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept","volume":"51","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.08.004","article-title":"Introducing a new open source GIS user interface for the SWAT model","volume":"85","author":"Dile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib13","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Soil and water assessment tool (swat) model: current developments and applications","volume":"53","author":"Douglas-Mankin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE (Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1029\/91WR02985","article-title":"Effective and efficient global optimization for conceptual rainfall-runoff models","volume":"28","author":"Duan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.03.026","article-title":"An overview of current applications, challenges, and future trends in distributed process\u2010based models in hydrology","volume":"537","author":"Fatichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib16","first-page":"1211","article-title":"The soil and water assessment tool: historical development, applications, and future research directions","volume":"50","author":"Gassman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE (Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029149","article-title":"Uncertainty analysis for hydrological models with interdependent parameters: an improved polynomial chaos expansion approach","volume":"57","author":"Ghaith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018230","article-title":"Multiobjective adaptive surrogate modeling\u2010based optimization for parameter estimation of large, complex geophysical models","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121372","article-title":"Assessing ammonium pollution and mitigation measures through a modified watershed non-point source model","volume":"254","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.10.017","article-title":"OpenMP-accelerated SWAT simulation using intel C and FORTRAN compilers: development and benchmark","volume":"75","author":"Ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009769","article-title":"Typology of hydrologic predictability","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-018-2098-y","article-title":"Evaluating agricultural BMP effectiveness in improving freshwater provisioning under changing climate","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2021.105133","article-title":"A scalable distributed parallel simulation tool for the SWAT model","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2024.106085","article-title":"PASS4SWAT: orchestration of containerized SWAT for facilitating computational reproducibility of model calibration and uncertainty analysis","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122788","article-title":"Surrogate modelling-based multi-objective optimization for best management practices of nonpoint source pollution","volume":"269","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105330","article-title":"Improved hadoop-based cloud for complex model simulation optimization: calibration of SWAT as an example","volume":"149","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005467","article-title":"Moving beyond heterogeneity and process complexity: a new vision for watershed hydrology","volume":"43","author":"McDonnell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105497","article-title":"An interactive graphical interface tool for parameter calibration, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis, and visualization for the soil and water assessment tool","volume":"156","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011527","article-title":"Review of surrogate modeling in water resources","volume":"48","author":"Razavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib30","author":"Sal\u00f3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib31","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Schuerz","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2020.103662","article-title":"A review of SWAT applications, performance and future needs for simulation of hydro-climatic extremes","volume":"143","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2020.104669","article-title":"Comparison of short-term streamflow forecasting using stochastic time series, neural networks, process-based, and bayesian models","volume":"126","author":"Wagena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.05.026","article-title":"An evaluation of adaptive surrogate modeling based optimization with two benchmark problems","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.11.004","article-title":"A GUI platform for uncertainty quantification of complex dynamical models","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib36","series-title":"Arcswat Interface for SWAT2012 \u2014 User's Guide","author":"Winchell","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2022.101170","article-title":"Adaptive surrogate-assisted multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using an efficient infill technique","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128159","article-title":"Multiobjective ensemble surrogate-based optimization algorithm for groundwater optimization designs","volume":"612","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.08.002","article-title":"Distributed computation of large scale SWAT models on the grid","volume":"41","author":"Yalew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.06.024","article-title":"Moving SWAT model calibration and uncertainty analysis to an enterprise hadoop-based cloud","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2013.03.013","article-title":"Efficient multi-objective calibration of a computationally intensive hydrologic model with parallel computing software in python","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2017.08.002","article-title":"OpenMP parallelization of a gridded SWAT (SWATG)","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."}],"container-title":["Environmental Modelling &amp; Software"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364815226000824?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364815226000824?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:11:37Z","timestamp":1775041897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1364815226000824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1364815226000824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8152"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8152","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SWAT-UQ: A platform for uncertainty analysis, calibration and optimization of SWAT models","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Modelling & Software","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2026.106935","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106935"}}