{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:49:05Z","timestamp":1768290545489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009965","name":"Dalian Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:21:58Z","timestamp":1741346518000},"page":"127105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Deep learning for Chinese font generation: A survey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4187-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Yunus","family":"Sharum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razali","family":"Yaakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairul Azhar","family":"Kasmiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0298-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b1","series-title":"2022 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP)","first-page":"646","article-title":"SVG vector font generation for Chinese characters with transformer","author":"Aoki","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7900","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04448-z","article-title":"Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks","volume":"603","author":"Assael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b3","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM designing interactive systems conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Personalized font recommendations: Combining ML and typographic guidelines to optimize readability","author":"Cai","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b4","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"16351","article-title":"DeepSVG: A hierarchical generative network for vector graphics animation","volume":"vol. 33","author":"Carlier","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b5","series-title":"Computer vision \u2013 ECCV 2020","first-page":"735","article-title":"Few-Shot compositional font generation with dual memory","author":"Cha","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b6","series-title":"BMVC","first-page":"290","article-title":"Chinese handwriting imitation with hierarchical generative adversarial network","author":"Chang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b7","series-title":"2018 IEEE winter conference on applications of computer vision (WACV)","first-page":"199","article-title":"Generating handwritten Chinese characters using CycleGAN","author":"Chang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b8","series-title":"2018 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA)","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets in robotic Chinese calligraphy","author":"Chao","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3465055","article-title":"An attentive survey of attention models","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b10","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"9353","article-title":"TextDiffuser: Diffusion models as text painters","volume":"vol. 36","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.0009","article-title":"Learning one-to-many stylised Chinese character transformation and generation by generative adversarial networks","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b12","series-title":"Text recognition in the wild: A survey","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 37th international conference on neural information processing systems","article-title":"DiffUTE: universal text editing diffusion model","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b14","series-title":"ACCV","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Complex handwriting trajectory recovery: Evaluation metrics and algorithm","author":"Chen","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b15","first-page":"510","article-title":"Review of Chinese font style transfer research based on deep learning","volume":"56","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science))"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b16","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Chinese font style transfer research based on font features and multi-scale patch generative adversarial network","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Yunnan University: Natural Sciences Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Choi, M., Kim, M., Ha, J.-W., Kim, S., & Choo, J. (2018). StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translation. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00916"},{"issue":"08","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1089.2022.19125","article-title":"Chinese font generation from stroke semantic and attention mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Cunrui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b19","series-title":"2017 IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"764","article-title":"Deformable convolutional networks","author":"Dai","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b20","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"5977","article-title":"Disentangling writer and character styles for handwriting generation","author":"Dai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108098","article-title":"A survey on text generation using generative adversarial networks","volume":"119","author":"de Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b22","series-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b23","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"12868","article-title":"Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis","author":"Esser","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2021.07.019","article-title":"Adversarial text-to-image synthesis: A review","volume":"144","author":"Frolov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, B., Yu, F., Liu, A., Wang, Z., Wen, J., He, J., & Qiao, Y. (2024). Generate Like Experts: Multi-Stage Font Generation by Incorporating Font Transfer Process into Diffusion Models. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition CVPR, (pp. 6892\u20136901).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00658"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480503","article-title":"Artistic glyph image synthesis via one-stage few-shot learning","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b27","first-page":"542","article-title":"An automatic derivation of Chinese character typeface from HEI-TI to Li-Shu","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Software"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5405","article-title":"GAN-based unpaired Chinese character image translation via skeleton transformation and stroke rendering","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b29","series-title":"2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"2414","article-title":"Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks","author":"Gatys","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b30","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"vol. 27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1057\/bm.2012.23","article-title":"Using type font characteristics to communicate brand personality of new brands","volume":"20","author":"Grohmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Brand Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02137-0","article-title":"Diff-Font: Diffusion model for robust one-shot font generation","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b33","series-title":"Mask R-CNN","author":"He","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b34","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM workshop on information hiding and multimedia security","first-page":"187","article-title":"Watermarking text documents with watermarked fonts","author":"He","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b35","series-title":"2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Few-shot font generation by learning style difference and similarity","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b37","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"GANs trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local Nash equilibrium","volume":"vol. 30","author":"Heusel","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b38","series-title":"Computer vision \u2013 ECCV 2020","first-page":"156","article-title":"RD-GAN: Few\/Zero-Shot Chinese Character Style Transfer via radical decomposition and rendering","volume":"vol. 12351","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2017.10.003","article-title":"Online customer reviews and consumer evaluation: The role of review font","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b40","series-title":"2017 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Densely connected convolutional networks","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.12.010","article-title":"The impact of font choice on web pages: Relationship with willingness to pay and tourism motivation","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b42","series-title":"2017 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"5967","article-title":"Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks","author":"Isola","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b43","first-page":"989","article-title":"An image segmentation based technology for intelligent character creation","volume":"60","author":"Jianbin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b44","series-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 technical briefs","first-page":"1","article-title":"DCFont: An end-to-end deep Chinese font generation system","author":"Jiang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33014015","article-title":"SCFont: Structure-guided Chinese font generation via deep stacked networks","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2952266","article-title":"Visual font pairing","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b47","series-title":"Neural information processing","first-page":"483","article-title":"W-Net: One-Shot Arbitrary-Style Chinese Character Generation with deep neural networks","author":"Jiang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-010-0116-6","article-title":"SCUT-COUCH2009\u2014a comprehensive online unconstrained Chinese handwriting database and benchmark evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b49","series-title":"Auto-encoding variational Bayes","author":"Kingma","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b50","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"13472","article-title":"Look closer to supervise better: One-shot font generation via component-based discriminator","author":"Kong","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b51","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"vol. 25","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b52","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th IAPR international conference on pattern recognition, vol. 3 - conference c: signal processing (cat. no.94CH3440-5)","first-page":"256","article-title":"A hierarchical model-guided generation of Chinese characters","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Lee","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i4.28090","article-title":"Towards automated Chinese ancient character restoration: A diffusion-based method with a new dataset","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i02.5535","article-title":"FET-GAN: Font and effect transfer via K-shot adaptive instance normalization","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3687994","article-title":"HFH-font: Few-shot Chinese font synthesis with higher quality, faster speed, and higher resolution","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3084827","article-title":"A survey of convolutional neural networks: Analysis, applications, and prospects","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b57","series-title":"2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","first-page":"433","article-title":"Few-shot font style transfer between different languages","volume":"vol. null","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b58","article-title":"Cross-language font style transfer","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Intelligence: The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, and Complex Problem-Solving Technologies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14580","article-title":"CVFont: Synthesizing Chinese vector fonts via deep layout inferring","volume":"41","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b60","series-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 technical briefs","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic shape morphing for Chinese characters","author":"Lian","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b61","first-page":"6:1","article-title":"EasyFont: A style learning-based system to easily build your large-scale handwriting fonts","volume":"38","author":"Lian","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b62","series-title":"SIGGRAPH ASIA 2016 technical briefs","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic generation of large-scale handwriting fonts via style learning","author":"Lian","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118530","article-title":"Intelligent generative structural design method for shear wall building based on \u201cFused-Text-Image-to-Image\u201d generative adversarial networks","volume":"210","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.01.029","article-title":"Automatic stroke generation for style-oriented robotic Chinese calligraphy","volume":"119","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b65","series-title":"2015 IEEE 34th international performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complete font generation of Chinese characters in personal handwriting style","author":"Lin","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b66","article-title":"Unsupervised font generation networks for joint content and style representation","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b67","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"10550","article-title":"Few-Shot unsupervised image-to-image translation","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122405","article-title":"Dual-modality learning and transformer-based approach for high-quality vector font generation","volume":"240","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121407","article-title":"An end-to-end Chinese font generation network with stroke semantics and deformable attention skip-connection","volume":"237","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b70","series-title":"Computer vision \u2013 ECCV 2024","first-page":"409","article-title":"Elegantly written: Disentangling writer and character styles for enhancing online Chinese handwriting","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i3.16318","article-title":"FontRL: Chinese font synthesis via deep reinforcement learning","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109593","article-title":"FontTransformer: Few-shot high-resolution Chinese glyph image synthesis via stacked transformers","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i4.28168","article-title":"DeepCalliFont: Few-shot Chinese calligraphy font synthesis by integrating dual-modality generative models","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b74","series-title":"Special interest group on computer graphics and interactive techniques conference conference papers \u201924","first-page":"1","article-title":"QT-Font: High-efficiency Font Synthesis via quadtree-based diffusion models","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b75","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"7895","article-title":"XMP-font: Self-supervised cross-modality pre-training for few-shot font generation","volume":"vol. null","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3072449","article-title":"Decoupled representation learning for character glyph synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b77","series-title":"2011 international conference on document analysis and recognition","first-page":"37","article-title":"CASIA online and offline Chinese handwriting databases","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b78","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"14193","article-title":"DualVector: Unsupervised vector font synthesis with dual-part representation","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b79","series-title":"2017 14th IAPR international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR)","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Auto-Encoder guided GAN for Chinese calligraphy synthesis","author":"Lyu","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b80","series-title":"Image and graphics technologies and applications","first-page":"392","article-title":"A survey of Chinese character style transfer","volume":"vol. 1043","author":"Ma","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02939521","article-title":"The automatic generation of Chinese outline font based on stroke extraction","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3209870","article-title":"Intelligent typography: Artistic text style transfer for complex texture and structure","volume":"25","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b83","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Conditional generative adversarial nets","author":"Mirza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2019.2931431","article-title":"Automatic generation of typographic font from small font subset","volume":"40","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(89)90047-0","article-title":"High quality Chinese fonts generation for desktop publishing\u2014a computer vision approach","volume":"9","author":"Moon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b86","series-title":"Computer vision \u2013 ECCV 2024","first-page":"305","article-title":"FontStudio: Shape-adaptive diffusion model for coherent and consistent font effect generation","author":"Mu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b87","series-title":"Proceedings of the 38th international conference on machine learning","first-page":"8162","article-title":"Improved denoising diffusion probabilistic models","author":"Nichol","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b88","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM symposium on document engineering","first-page":"17","article-title":"FlexiFont: A flexible system to generate personal font libraries","author":"Pan","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b89","first-page":"561","article-title":"The automatic generation algorithm for dynamic Chinese font","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b90","first-page":"331","article-title":"The Fourier descriptor based automatic generation method for multiple Chinese fonts","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, W., Zhu, A., Zhou, X., Iwana, B. K., & Li, S. (2023). Few Shot Font Generation via Transferring Similarity Guided Global Style and Quantization Local Style. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV) (pp. 19506\u201319516).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01787"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i3.16340","article-title":"Few-Shot Font generation with localized style representations and factorization","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b93","article-title":"Few-Shot font generation with weakly supervised localized representations","volume":"PP","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b94","series-title":"2019 Chinese control conference (CCC)","first-page":"8812","article-title":"Restore the incomplete calligraphy based on style transfer","author":"Qin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b95","series-title":"2012 international conference on computer science and service system","first-page":"1836","article-title":"A font style learning and transferring method based on strokes and structure of Chinese characters","author":"Qiu","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, P. (2021). Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervision. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) workshops (pp. 2124\u20132133).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00241"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b97","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"10674","article-title":"High-Resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models","author":"Rombach","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7900","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00641-2","article-title":"AI minds the gap and fills in missing Greek inscriptions","volume":"603","author":"Rouech\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b99","series-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2022 conference proceedings","first-page":"1","article-title":"Palette: Image-to-Image diffusion models","author":"Saharia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b100","unstructured":"Salimans, T., Goodfellow, I., Zaremba, W., Cheung, V., Radford, A., & Chen, X. (2016). Improved Techniques for Training GANs. In Proceedings of the 30th international conference on neural information processing systems."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b101","series-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"Simonyan","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b102","series-title":"2023 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME)","first-page":"738","article-title":"Learning Component-Level and inter-class glyph representation for few-shot font generation","author":"Su","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2022.02.001","article-title":"A restoration method using dual generate adversarial networks for Chinese ancient characters","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Visual Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b104","series-title":"Proceedings of the twenty-seventh international joint conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"920","article-title":"Learning to write stylized Chinese characters by reading a handful of examples","author":"Sun","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b105","series-title":"2018 24th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR)","first-page":"976","article-title":"Pyramid embedded generative adversarial network for automated font generation","author":"Sun","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b106","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR 2022, new orleans, la, USA, June 18-24, 2022","first-page":"7885","article-title":"Few-shot font generation by learning fine-grained local styles","author":"Tang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"null","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.142621","article-title":"Write like you: Synthesizing your cursive online Chinese handwriting via metric-based meta learning","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13861","article-title":"FontRNN: Generating Large-scale Chinese Fonts via recurrent neural network","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b109","series-title":"Rewrite: Neural style transfer for Chinese fonts","author":"Tian","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b110","series-title":"Zi2zi: Master Chinese calligraphy with conditional adversarial networks","author":"Tian","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-023-1337-8","article-title":"A novel three-staged generative model for skeletonizing Chinese characters with versatile styles","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b112","series-title":"AnyText: Multilingual visual text generation and editing","author":"Tuo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107304","article-title":"Unpaired font family synthesis using conditional generative adversarial networks","volume":"229","author":"Ul Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b114","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"vol. 30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392456","article-title":"Attribute2Font","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b117","series-title":"2023 42nd Chinese control conference (CCC)","first-page":"8473","article-title":"A study of calligraphy font generation based on DANet-GAN","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480488","article-title":"DeepVecFont: Synthesizing high-quality vector fonts via dual-modality learning","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b119","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","article-title":"Fully convolutional network based skeletonization for handwritten Chinese characters","volume":"vol. 32","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b120","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"18320","article-title":"DeepVecFont-v2: Exploiting transformers to synthesize vector fonts with higher quality","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.11834\/jig.210360","article-title":"Review of Chinese characters generation and font transfer based on deep learning","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Image and Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125547","article-title":"EdgeFont: Enhancing style and content representations in few-shot font generation with multi-scale edge self-supervision","volume":"262","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2022.3196763","article-title":"Artistic text style transfer: An overview of state-of-the-art methods and datasets [SP forum]","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125657","article-title":"An intelligent font generation system based on stroke inference, mitigating production labor and enhancing design experience","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00185","article-title":"CF-Font: Content fusion for few-shot font generation","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1089.2023.19496","article-title":"Cuan font generation model of dense adaptive generation adversarial network","volume":"35","author":"Weijian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b127","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on multimedia","first-page":"621","article-title":"ZiGAN: Fine-grained Chinese calligraphy font generation via a few-shot style transfer approach","author":"Wen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(99)00141-7","article-title":"Virtual brush: A model-based synthesis of Chinese calligraphy","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b129","series-title":"2020 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multitask adversarial learning for Chinese font style transfer","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b130","series-title":"CalliGAN: Style and Structure-aware Chinese calligraphy character generator","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.12.079","article-title":"GANCCRobot: Generative adversarial nets based Chinese calligraphy robot","volume":"516","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b132","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"1848","article-title":"VecFontSDF: Learning to reconstruct and synthesize high-quality vector fonts via signed distance functions","author":"Xia","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118138","article-title":"Complementary or Substitutive? A novel deep learning method to leverage text-image interactions for multimodal review helpfulness prediction","volume":"208","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107334","article-title":"CS-GAN: Cross-structure generative adversarial networks for Chinese calligraphy translation","volume":"229","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b135","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"5126","article-title":"DG-Font: Deformable generative networks for unsupervised font generation","volume":"vol. null","author":"Xie","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121622","article-title":"Weakly supervised scene text generation for low-resource languages","volume":"237","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b137","unstructured":"Xu, S., Jin, T., Jiang, H., & Lau, F. (2009). Automatic Generation of Personal Chinese Handwriting by Capturing the Characteristics of Personal Handwriting. In Proceedings of the 21st innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference, IAAI-09."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2005.41","article-title":"Automatic generation of artistic Chinese calligraphy","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b139","series-title":"2019 international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR)","first-page":"793","article-title":"CASIA-AHCDB: A large-scale Chinese ancient handwritten characters database","author":"Xu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b140","article-title":"Review of GAN-based research on Chinese character font generation","author":"Xuanhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109538","article-title":"Joint optimization for attention-based generation and recognition of Chinese characters using tree position embedding","volume":"140","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30174","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2840218","article-title":"Dense and tight detection of Chinese characters in historical documents: Datasets and a recognition guided detector","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33011238","article-title":"TET-GAN: Text effects transfer via Stylization and destylization","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Peng, D., Kong, Y., Zhang, Y., Yao, C., & Jin, L. (2024). FontDiffuser: One-shot Font Generation via Denoising Diffusion with Multi-Scale Content Aggregation and Style Contrastive Learning. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i7.28482"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122704","article-title":"DT2F-TLNet: A novel text-independent writer identification and verification model using a combination of deep type-2 fuzzy architecture and transfer learning networks based on handwriting data","volume":"242","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2983697","article-title":"TE141K: Artistic text benchmark for Text effect transfer","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shape-Matching GAN++: Scale controllable dynamic artistic text style transfer","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.108185","article-title":"KAGAN: A Chinese poetry style transfer method","volume":"102","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b149","first-page":"1","article-title":"Embedding secret message in Chinese characters via glyph perturbation and style transfer","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16407","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i15.29577","article-title":"VQ-FONT: Few-shot font generation with Structure-aware enhancement and quantization","volume":"38","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b151","series-title":"2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition","first-page":"1464","article-title":"ICDAR 2013 Chinese handwriting recognition competition","author":"Yin","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01199","article-title":"A Review of recurrent neural networks: LSTM cells and network architectures","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b153","series-title":"2022 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo","first-page":"1","article-title":"SE-GAN: Skeleton enhanced GAN-based model for brush handwriting font generation","author":"Yuan","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i4.16438","article-title":"StrokeGAN: Reducing mode collapse in Chinese font generation via stroke encoding","volume":"35","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b155","article-title":"Few-Shot Chinese font generation based on contrastive learning and square-block transformation data augmentation","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.08.072","article-title":"SSNet: Structure-semantic net for Chinese typography generation based on image translation","volume":"371","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b157","series-title":"2009 10th international conference on document analysis and recognition","first-page":"286","article-title":"HCL2000 - A large-scale handwritten Chinese character database for handwritten character recognition","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b158","series-title":"2018 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"586","article-title":"The unreasonable effectiveness of deep features as a perceptual metric","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2695539","article-title":"Drawing and recognizing Chinese characters with recurrent neural network","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b160","series-title":"2018 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"8447","article-title":"Separating style and content for generalized style transfer","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2969081","article-title":"A unified framework for generalizable style transfer: Style and content separation","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-021-3435-8","article-title":"Few-shot font style transfer with multiple style encoders","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science China. Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3342690","article-title":"Calligraphy font generation via explicitly modeling location-aware glyph component deformations","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.107080","article-title":"Deep imitator: Handwriting calligraphy imitation via deep attention networks","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b165","series-title":"2015 13th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR)","first-page":"96","article-title":"Multi-font printed Chinese character recognition using multi-pooling convolutional neural network","author":"Zhong","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b166","series-title":"2011 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo","first-page":"1","article-title":"Easy generation of personal Chinese handwritten fonts","author":"Zhou","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6932","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2995062","article-title":"Few-Shot text style transfer via deep feature similarity","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J.-Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Unpaired Image-To-Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (pp. 2223\u20132232).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b169","series-title":"A framework and dataset for abstract art generation via CalligraphyGAN","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105_b170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v28i2.19029","article-title":"StrokeBank: Automating personalized Chinese handwriting generation","volume":"28","author":"Zong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425007274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425007274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T10:52:05Z","timestamp":1762339925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417425007274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":170,"alternative-id":["S0957417425007274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deep learning for Chinese font generation: A survey","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127105","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127105"}}